We addressed דמים, the plural of “blood” in Post 14. Synthetic Grasp of Life, and again in Blog 91. Parapet Around Your Roof. It was also mentioned in Post 10 as a Keyword.
Hopefully we will have it thoroughly covered (not that a person can ever get all Scriptural nuances) by the end of this entry, which reflects much recent learning, including Blog 123. דמ Cognate Permutations.
We begin with a search done in Olive Tree Bible Software, Thomas Nelson Publishers New King James with Strong’s for “Bloodthirsty,” and go beyond.
Many root entries in this blog were listed in the previous blog. Here more detail is given, and you may see how they play out.
2 Samuel 16:7-8
7 וְכֹֽה־אָמַ֥ר שִׁמְעִ֖י בְּקַֽלְלֹ֑ו צֵ֥א צֵ֛א אִ֥ישׁ הַדָּמִ֖ים וְאִ֥ישׁ הַבְּלִיָּֽעַל׃
8 הֵשִׁיב֩ עָלֶ֨יךָ יְהוָ֜ה כֹּ֣ל ׀ דְּמֵ֣י בֵית־שָׁא֗וּל אֲשֶׁ֤ר מָלַ֨כְתָּ֙ תַּחְתָּ֔ו* וַיִּתֵּ֤ן יְהוָה֙ אֶת־הַמְּלוּכָ֔ה בְּיַ֖ד אַבְשָׁלֹ֣ום בְּנֶ֑ךָוְהִנְּךָ֙ בְּרָ֣עָתֶ֔ךָ כִּ֛י אִ֥ישׁ דָּמִ֖ים אָֽתָּה׃
* KתַּחְתֹּוQתַּחְתָּ֔יו
⦁ 2 Samuel 16:5-8 – (NKJV – Shimei Curses David)
5 Now when King David came to Bahurim, there was a man from the family of the house of Saul, whose name was Shimei (h8096. שִׁמְעִי šim‘îy) the son of Gera (h1617. גֵּרָא g̱êrâ’), coming from there. He came out, cursing continuously as he came. 6 And he threw stones at David and at all the servants of King David. And all the people and all the mighty men were on his right hand and on his left. 7 Also Shimei said thus when he cursed: “Come out! Come out! You bloodthirsty man, (you rogue) (literally “and man of worthlessness” (h1100. בְּלִיַּעַל ḇelîya‘al))! 8 The LORD has brought upon you all the blood of the house of Saul, in whose place you have reigned; and the LORD has delivered the kingdom into the hand of Absalom your son. So now you are caught in your own evil, because you are a bloodthirsty man!”
2 Samuel 21:1
1 וַיְהִ֣י רָעָב֩ בִּימֵ֨י דָוִ֜ד שָׁלֹ֣שׁ שָׁנִ֗ים שָׁנָה֙ אַחֲרֵ֣י שָׁנָ֔ה וַיְבַקֵּ֥שׁ דָּוִ֖ד אֶת־פְּנֵ֣י יְהוָ֑ה ס וַיֹּ֣אמֶר יְהוָ֗ה אֶל־שָׁאוּל֙וְאֶל־בֵּ֣ית הַדָּמִ֔ים עַל־אֲשֶׁר־הֵמִ֖ית אֶת־הַגִּבְעֹנִֽים׃
⦁ 2 Samuel 21:1-2
1 Now there was a famine in the days of David for three years, year after year; and David inquired of the LORD. And the LORD answered, “It is because of Saul and his bloodthirsty house (literally בית הדמים “house of the bloodthirsty/bloodguilt”), because he killed the Gibeonites.” 2 So the king called the Gibeonites and spoke to them. Now the Gibeonites were not of the children of Israel, but of the remnant of the Amorites; the children of Israel had sworn protection to them, but Saul had sought to kill them in his zeal for the children of Israel and Judah.
Psalms 5:7
7 תְּאַבֵּד֮ דֹּבְרֵ֪י כָ֫זָ֥ב אִישׁ־דָּמִ֥ים וּמִרְמָ֗ה יְתָ֘עֵ֥ב ׀ יְהוָֽה׃
⦁ Psalms 5:6 NKJV
6 You shall destroy those who speak falsehood;
The LORD abhors the bloodthirsty and deceitful man.
⦁ Psalms 5:6 more literally
6 Destroy speaking falsehood;
Man of bloodguilt and treachery/deceit the LORD abhors.
Psalms 26:9
9 אַל־תֶּאֱסֹ֣ף עִם־חַטָּאִ֣ים נַפְשִׁ֑י וְעִם־אַנְשֵׁ֖י דָמִ֣ים חַיָּֽי׃
⦁ Psalms 26:9 NKJV
9 Do not gather my soul with sinners,
Nor my life with bloodthirsty men,
⦁ Psalms 26:9 more literally
9 Do not gather/remove with sinners my soul,
And with men of bloodthirst/bloodguilt my life/lifetime,
▸ BDB אסף
GLOSS qal: gather; remove; niphal: be gathered; piel: glean; pual: be gathered; hithpael: gather oneself
PARSING Hebrew, verb, qal, imperfect, 2nd person, masculine, singular, jussive in meaning only
CODE@vqi2msXJm
▸ BDB חַי
GLOSS life; lifetime
PARSING Hebrew, noun, common, masculine, plural, construct, pronomial suffix: 1st person, common, singular
CODE@ncmpcX1cs
Psalms 55:24
24 וְאַתָּ֤ה אֱלֹהִ֨ים ׀ תּוֹרִדֵ֬ם ׀ לִבְאֵ֬ר שַׁ֗חַת אַנְשֵׁ֤י דָמִ֣ים וּ֭מִרְמָה לֹא־יֶחֱצ֣וּ יְמֵיהֶ֑ם וַ֝אֲנִ֗י אֶבְטַח־בָּֽךְ׃
⦁ Psalms 55:23 A Contemplation of David…
23(24H) But you, God, shall bring them down to the pit of destruction;
Bloodthirsty and deceitful men shall not live out half their days;
But I will trust in you.
- אנשי דמים ומרמה here and Psalm 5:7(6H) איש דמים ומרמה
- men of bloodthirst/bloodguilt and deceit/treachery
Psalms 59:3
3 הַ֭צִּילֵנִי מִפֹּ֣עֲלֵי אָ֑וֶן וּֽמֵאַנְשֵׁ֥י דָ֝מִ֗ים הוֹשִׁיעֵֽנִי׃
⦁ Psalms 59:2
2(3H) Deliver me from the workers of iniquity,
And save me from bloodthirsty men (literally And from men of ומאנשיbloodthirst/bloodguilt דמים).
Psalms 139:19
19 אִם־תִּקְטֹ֖ל אֱלֹ֥והַּ ׀ רָשָׁ֑ע וְאַנְשֵׁ֥י דָ֝מִ֗ים ס֣וּרוּ מֶֽנִּי׃
⦁ Psalms 139:19. NKJV
19 Oh, that You would slay the wicked, O God!
Depart from me, therefore, you bloodthirsty men.
⦁ Psalms 139:19
19 If only you would slay, God, the wicked!
Depart from me, therefore, men of bloodthirst/bloodguilt.
▸ h8535. תָּם ṯom; from h8552. תָּמַם ṯâmam; complete; usually (morally) pious; specifically, gentle, dear: — coupled together, perfect, plain, undefiled, upright.
AV (13) – perfect 9, undefiled 2, plain 1, upright 1;
▸ h8552. תָּמַם ṯâmam; a primitive root; to complete, in a good or a bad sense, literal, or figurative, transitive or intransitive (as follows): — accomplish, cease, be clean (pass-)ed, consume, have done, (come to an, have an, make an) end, fail, come to the full, be all gone, x be all here, be (make) perfect, be spent, sum, be (shew self) upright, be wasted, whole.
AV (64) – consume 26, end 9, finished 4, clean 3, upright 3, spent 3, perfect 2, done 2, failed 2, accomplish 2, misc 8;
▸ h8549. תָּמִים ṯâmîym; from 8552; entire (literally, figuratively or morally); also (as noun) integrity, truth: — without blemish, complete, full, perfect, sincerely (-ity), sound, without spot, undefiled, upright(-ly), whole.
AV (91) – without blemish 44, perfect 18, upright 8, without spot 6, uprightly 4, whole 4, sincerely 2, complete 1, full 1, misc 3;
- complete, whole, entire, sound
- complete, whole, entire
- whole, sound, healthful
- complete, entire (of time)
- sound, wholesome, unimpaired, innocent, having integrity
- what is complete or entirely in accord with truth and fact (neuter adj/subst)
▸ h8550. תֻּמִּים ṯumiym; plural of h8537. תֹּם ṯôm; perfections, i.e. (techn.) one of the epithets of the objects in the high-priest’s breastplate as an emblem of complete Truth: — Thummim.
AV (5) – Thummim 5; Thummim = “perfection”
- stones provided for the means of achieving a sacred lot
- used with the Urim, the will of God was revealed
▸ h8537. תֹּם ṯôm; from 8552; completeness; figuratively, prosperity; usually (morally) innocence: — full, integrity, perfect(-ion), simplicity, upright(-ly, -ness), at a venture. See 8550.
AV (23) – integrity 11, upright 2, uprightly 2, uprightness 2,venture 2, full 1, perfect 1, perfection 1, simplicity 1;
- integrity, completeness
- completeness, fulness
- innocence, simplicity
- integrity
• תָּם-coupled together, perfect, plain, undefiled, upright.
• תָּם-[idiom] thence, there, [idiom] where. (Aramaic)
• תֹּם-full, integrity, perfect(-ion), simplicity, upright(-ly, -ness), at a venture. See תֻּמִּים[Tummîym].
h8535. תָּם ṯom (13 occ.); from h8552. תָּמַם ṯâmam; h8537. תֹּם ṯôm (23 occ.); from h8552. תָּמַם ṯâmam; h8536. תָּם ṯom; (Aramaic) corresponding to h8033. שָׁם šâm; altogether 40 occurrences
GV p.286 תמם cease [require nothing more]; p.286 תמה astound; p.284 תום taper [ends together]; p.113 יתם orphan [cut parental support]
DV תאם – p.286 תמם cease [require nothing more]; p.286 תמה astound; p.284 תוםtaper [ends together] > p.283 תאם fit; conform No other DVs,
– but see h8415. תְּהוֹם ṯehôm; or תְּהֹם thom; (usually feminine) from h1949. הוּם hûm – see its GV
– h8415. תְּהוֹם ṯehôm is “the abyss”
(See h8485. תֵּימָא ṯêymâ’; or תֵּמָא Temao; Tema, a son of Ishmael, and the region settled by him = “desert”; h8486. תֵּימָן ṯêymân; or תֵּמָן teman; the south (as being on the right hand of a person facing the east); h8487. תֵּימָן ṯêymân; or תֵּמָן Teman; Teman, the name of two Edomites, and of the region and descendant of one of them = “south”; h8488. תֵּימְנִי ṯêymniy; Temeni, an Israelite = “southern”; h8489. תֵּימָנִיṯêymâniy; a Temanite )
CM תמם repress (D31); תמה lose independence (D30); תום hold together (D19); יתםstrike (C61); תאם clarify/confuse (D15)
No other DVs, but:
AlHaTorah Search תהם ∅ prefixes ∅ full/lacking spelling ∅ suffixes – none
Tanakh (10 results)
1. Bereshit 32:1 (Mikraot Gedolot)
וַיַּשְׁכֵּם לָבָן בַּבֹּקֶר וַיְנַשֵּׁק לְבָנָיו וְלִבְנוֹתָיו וַיְבָרֶךְ אֶתְהֶם וַיֵּלֶךְ וַיָּשׇׁב לָבָן לִמְקֹמוֹ.
•Genesis 31:55
55)32:1H) And early in the morning Laban arose, and kissed his sons and daughters and blessed את them. Then Laban departed and returned to his place.
2. Shemot 18:20 (Mikraot Gedolot)
וְהִזְהַרְתָּה אֶתְהֶם אֶת הַחֻקִּים וְאֶת הַתּוֹרֹת וְהוֹדַעְתָּ לָהֶם אֶת הַדֶּרֶךְ יֵלְכוּ בָהּ וְאֶת הַמַּעֲשֶׂה אֲשֶׁר יַעֲשׂוּן.
•Exodus 18:20
20 And you shall teach את them the statutes and the laws, and show/make known (h3045. יָדַע yâḏa‘) to them the way in which they must walk and the work they must do.
▸ BDB All Results: ידע וְ
וְ
GLOSS and; also; but; so; then
ידע
GLOSS qal: know; niphal: be known; piel: cause to know; pual: be known; hithpael: make oneself known; hiphil: make known; hophal: be made known; poel: be caused to know
PARSING Hebrew, verb, hiphil, consecutive perfect, 2nd person, masculine, singular
CODE@vhq2ms
3. Bemidbar 21:3 (Mikraot Gedolot)
וַיִּשְׁמַע י״י בְּקוֹל יִשְׂרָאֵל וַיִּתֵּן אֶת הַכְּנַעֲנִי וַיַּחֲרֵם אֶתְהֶם וְאֶת עָרֵיהֶם וַיִּקְרָא שֵׁם הַמָּקוֹם חׇרְמָה.
•Numbers 21:3
3 And the LORD listened to the voice of Israel and delivered up the Canaanites, and they utterly destroyed את them and their cities. So the name of that place was called Hormah.
4. Shemuel I 4:5 (Mikraot Gedolot)
וַיְהִי כְּבוֹא אֲרוֹן בְּרִית י״י אֶל הַמַּחֲנֶה וַיָּרִעוּ כׇל יִשְׂרָאֵל תְּרוּעָה גְדוֹלָה וַתֵּהֹם הָאָרֶץ.
•1 Samuel 4:5
5 And when the ark of the covenant of the LORD came into the camp, all Israel shouted so loudly that the earth shook (h1949. הוּם hûm).
5. Melakhim I 1:45 (Mikraot Gedolot)
וַיִּמְשְׁחוּ אֹתוֹ צָדוֹק הַכֹּהֵן וְנָתָן הַנָּבִיא לְמֶלֶךְ בְּגִחוֹן וַיַּעֲלוּ מִשָּׁם שְׂמֵחִים וַתֵּהֹם הַקִּרְיָה הוּא הַקּוֹל אֲשֶׁרשְׁמַעְתֶּם.
•1 Kings 1:45
45 So Zadok the priest and Nathan the prophet have anointed him king at Gihon; and they have gone up from there rejoicing, so that the city is in an uproar (h1949. הוּםhûm). This is the noise that you have heard.
6. Yechezkel 23:45 (Mikraot Gedolot)
וַאֲנָשִׁים צַדִּיקִם הֵמָּה יִשְׁפְּטוּ אוֹתְהֶם מִשְׁפַּט נֹאֲפוֹת וּמִשְׁפַּט שֹׁפְכוֹת דָּם כִּי נֹאֲפֹת הֵנָּה וְדָם בִּידֵיהֶן.
•Ezekiel 23:45
45 But righteous men will judge את them after the manner of adulteresses, and after the manner of women who shed blood, because they are adulteresses, and blood is on their hands.
7. Yechezkel 34:12 (Mikraot Gedolot)
כְּבַקָּרַת רֹעֶה עֶדְרוֹ בְּיוֹם הֱיוֹתוֹ בְתוֹךְ צֹאנוֹ נִפְרָשׁוֹת כֵּן אֲבַקֵּר אֶת צֹאנִי וְהִצַּלְתִּי אֶתְהֶם מִכׇּל הַמְּקוֹמֹתאֲשֶׁר נָפֹצוּ שָׁם בְּיוֹם עָנָן וַעֲרָפֶל.
▶︎ Ezekiel 34:12 See the context below at the ▶︎.
12 As a shepherd seeks out his flock on the day he is among his scattered sheep, so will I seek out my sheep and deliver את them from all the places where they were scattered on a cloudy and dark day.
8. Rut 1:19 (Mikraot Gedolot)
וַתֵּלַכְנָה שְׁתֵּיהֶם עַד בּוֹאָנָה בֵּית לָחֶם וַיְהִי כְּבוֹאָנָה בֵּית לֶחֶם וַתֵּהֹם כׇּל הָעִיר עֲלֵיהֶן וַתֹּאמַרְנָה הֲזֹאתנׇעֳמִי.
•Ruth 1:19
19 Now the two of them went until they came to Bethlehem. And it happened, when they had come to Bethlehem, that all the city was excited (h1949. הוּם hûm) because of them; and the women said, “Is this Naomi?”
9. Ezra 5:10 (Mikraot Gedolot)
וְאַף שְׁמָהָתְהֹם שְׁאֵלְנָא לְּהֹם לְהוֹדָעוּתָךְ דִּי נִכְתֻּב שֻׁם גֻּבְרַיָּא דִּי בְרָאשֵׁיהֹם.
•Ezra 5:10
10 We also asked them their names (Aramaic) to inform you, that we might write the names of the men who were chief among them.
10. Divrei HaYamim I 6:50 (Mikraot Gedolot)
וַיִּתְּנוּ בַגּוֹרָל מִמַּטֵּה בְנֵי יְהוּדָה וּמִמַּטֵּה בְנֵי שִׁמְעוֹן וּמִמַּטֵּה בְּנֵי בִנְיָמִן אֵת הֶעָרִים הָאֵלֶּה אֲשֶׁר יִקְרְאוּאֶתְהֶם בְּשֵׁמוֹת.
•1 Chronicles 6:65
65(50H) And they gave by lot from the tribe of the children of Judah, from the tribe of the children of Simeon, and from the tribe of the children of Benjamin these cities which are called את them in names.
▸ h1949. הוּם hûm; a primitive root (compare 2000); to make an uproar, or agitate greatly: — destroy, move, make a noise, put, ring again.
AV (6) – rang again 2, make a noise 2, moved 1, destroy 1;
- to distract, ring again, make a (great) noise, murmur, roar, discomfit, be moved
- (Qal) to discomfit
- (Niphal) to be in a stir
- (Hiphil)
- to murmur
- to show disquietude
And, since we have been following מ reflects נ, including this for the investigation:
- Adonai, my Lord, comes from cognate אדן
•••••••
DVs:
No other DVs
There is no occurrence of דאם in TaNaKH, but the idea certainly seems to have a lot of interest in the commentaries, not a place that I go:
And in following with the מ reflects נ category:
•••••••
No other DVs
And the מ reflects נ category:
⦁ 1 Kings 2:5
5 “Moreover you know also what Joab the son of Zeruiah did to me, and what he did to the two commanders of the armies of Israel, to Abner the son of Ner and Amasa the son of Jether, whom he killed. And he shed the blood of war in peacetime, and put the blood of war on his belt that was around his waist, and on his sandals that were on his feet.
⦁ 1 Kings 2:5
5 וְגַ֣ם אַתָּ֣ה יָדַ֡עְתָּ אֵת֩ אֲשֶׁר־עָ֨שָׂה לִ֜י יוֹאָ֣ב בֶּן־צְרוּיָ֗ה אֲשֶׁ֣ר עָשָׂ֣ה לִשְׁנֵֽי־שָׂרֵ֣י צִבְאֹ֣ות יִ֠שְׂרָאֵל לְאַבְנֵ֨ר בֶּן־נֵ֜רוְלַעֲמָשָׂ֤א בֶן־יֶ֨תֶר֙ וַיַּ֣הַרְגֵ֔ם וַיָּ֥שֶׂם דְּמֵֽי־מִלְחָמָ֖ה בְּשָׁלֹ֑ם וַיִּתֵּ֞ן דְּמֵ֣י מִלְחָמָ֗ה בַּחֲגֹֽרָתוֹ֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר בְּמָתְנָ֔יו וּֽבְנַעֲלֹ֖ואֲשֶׁ֥ר בְּרַגְלָֽיו׃
● Perhaps it is דמי that is important – י “like” מד – “measure” – and may be “my blood,” as going beyond what natural consequences would indicated (God’s consequences) ●
There is far more in this combination of passages than can possibly be shared in one setting. It really tells much of the message of Scripture, here in a brief summary, which, of course, is so intensely packed it is very hard to unpack. A few things are to be seen.
The first, most obvious, and most important is in Deuteronomy 6:5, which is witnessed in all three synoptic gospels in the Greek testament.
The second is another huge topic unto itself, with many hours of this writer’s work having been expended, is the reason I have made sure you see the word “fields” rather than “lands” here, is the key two-letter word שד. So much detail is here condensed into a short overview. The cognate permutation interpretation of שד is support/undermine. See, please, that it is “field שדה,” it is “breast שד,” and that it is “El Shaddai אל שדי” (God Almighty). There is SO, SO, MUCH behind this. Recognize that the “undermine” part is the “weaning,” the removal of the sustenance, the support. See that in some translations שד translated as “devil.”
And שד cognate permutations include much, much work, partially shared before on Satan שטן and scourging שוט, Acacia wood שטה.
The “measure” hinted to here is so carefully pointed out. We are to pour everything into our love of the LORD (יהוה). The biggest danger, in pouring so much into “mammon,” whatever it is that gives us confidence, be it the government (see # ④ above), be it wealth, be it science/technology, is that we are incapable of the correct “measure;” we are unable to “balance” the need for sustenance and weaning. The most difficult times are the times when the sustenance is removed, the withdrawal from the addiction, be it the breast, the pacifier, drugs, alcohol, nicotine, sugar, whatever. We are addicted to what “feels like” it sustains us. The necessity of the wilderness experience was the weaning process from El Shaddai, the “sustaining aspect” of the LORD,
- Exodus 6:3
- 3 I appeared to Abraham, to Isaac, and to Jacob, as God Almighty אל שדי, but by my name LORD יהוה I was not known to them.
We shared earlier that the presence of the Yod and the Vav as cognate permutations of קב is “consequences.” And recall that the ה is “the bearer of existence.”
▶︎ Ezekiel 34:11-16 See #7 under תהם search above
11 ‘For thus says the Lord GOD (יהוה): “Indeed I myself will search for my sheep and seek them out. 12 As a shepherd seeks out his flock on the day he is among his scattered sheep, so will I seek out my sheep and deliver them from all the places where they were scattered on a cloudy and dark day. 13 And I will bring them out from the peoples and gather them from the countries, and will bring them to אל their own land (אדמתם); I will feed them on the mountains (הרי “transition”) of Israel, in the valleys and in all the inhabited places of the country (הארץ can be seen as “strength of transition”). 14 I will feed them in good pasture, and their fold shall be on the high mountains (הרי “transition”) of Israel. There they shall lie down in a good fold and feed in rich pasture on the mountains (הרי “transition”) of Israel. 15 I will feed my flock, and I will make them lie down,” says the Lord GOD (יהוה). 16 “I will seek what was lost and bring back what was driven away, bind up the broken and strengthen what was sick; but I will destroy the fat and the strong, and feed them in judgment.”
From דם cognate permutations full investigation: impression –
(measure; determine limits)
Above you saw the occurrences in NKJV translation of דמים as bloodthirsty. Below, from AlHaTorah, the more complete search:
Tanakh (49 results)
1. Shemot 4:25 (Mikraot Gedolot)
וַתִּקַּח צִפֹּרָה צֹר וַתִּכְרֹת אֶת עׇרְלַת בְּנָהּ וַתַּגַּע לְרַגְלָיו וַתֹּאמֶר כִּי חֲתַן דָּמִים אַתָּה לִי.
2. Shemot 4:26 (Mikraot Gedolot)
וַיִּרֶף מִמֶּנּוּ אָז אָמְרָה חֲתַן דָּמִים לַמּוּלֹת.
⦁ Exodus 4:24-26
24 And it came to pass on the way, at the encampment, that the LORD met him and sought to kill him. 25 Then Zipporah took a sharp stone and cut off the foreskin of her son and cast it at Moses’ feet, and said, “Surely you are a husband of bloodguilt to me!” 26 So He let him go. Then she said, “You are a husband of bloodguilt!”—because of the circumcision.
- (See the note Bloods Wine (another time))
- Not the typical word for husband:
3. Shemot 22:1 (Mikraot Gedolot)
אִם בַּמַּחְתֶּרֶת יִמָּצֵא הַגַּנָּב וְהֻכָּה וָמֵת אֵין לוֹ דָּמִים.
4. Shemot 22:2 (Mikraot Gedolot)
אִם זָרְחָה הַשֶּׁמֶשׁ עָלָיו דָּמִים לוֹ שַׁלֵּם יְשַׁלֵּם אִם אֵין לוֹ וְנִמְכַּר בִּגְנֵבָתוֹ.
⦁ Exodus 22:1-4
1 “If a man steals an ox or a sheep, and slaughters it or sells it, he shall restore five oxen for an ox and four sheep for a sheep. 2 If the thief is found breaking in, and he is struck so that he dies, there shall be no {guilt for his bloodshed}. 3 If the sun has risen on him, there shall be {guilt for his bloodshed}. He should make full restitution; if he has nothing, then he shall be sold for his theft. 4 If the theft is certainly found alive in his hand, whether it is an ox or donkey or sheep, he shall restore double.
5. Shemot 25:5 (Mikraot Gedolot)
וְעֹרֹת אֵילִם מְאׇדָּמִים וְעֹרֹת תְּחָשִׁים וַעֲצֵי שִׁטִּים.
⦁ Exodus 25:1-9
1 Then the LORD spoke to Moses, saying: 2 “Speak to the children of Israel, that they bring Me an offering. From everyone who gives it willingly with his heart you shall take My offering. 3 And this is the offering which you shall take from them: gold, silver, and bronze; 4 blue, purple, and scarlet thread, fine linen, and goats’ hair; 5 ram skins made red, badger skins, and acacia wood; 6 oil for the light, and spices for the anointing oil and for the sweet incense; 7 onyx stones, and stones to be set in the ephod and in the breastplate. 8 And let them make Me a sanctuary, that I may dwell among them. 9 According to all that I show you, that is, the pattern of the tabernacle and the pattern of all its furnishings, just so you shall make it.
- See the comments about “red” below.
6. Shemot 26:14 (Mikraot Gedolot)
וְעָשִׂיתָ מִכְסֶה לָאֹהֶל עֹרֹת אֵילִם מְאׇדָּמִים וּמִכְסֵה עֹרֹת תְּחָשִׁים מִלְמָעְלָה.
⦁ Exodus 26:14
14 “You shall also make a covering of ram skins made red for the tent, and a covering of badger skins above that.
- See the comments about “red” below.
7. Shemot 35:7 (Mikraot Gedolot)
וְעֹרֹת אֵילִם מְאׇדָּמִים וְעֹרֹת תְּחָשִׁים וַעֲצֵי שִׁטִּים.
⦁ Exodus 35:4-9
4 And Moses spoke to all the congregation of the children of Israel, saying, “This is the thing which the LORD commanded, saying: 5 ‘Take from among you an offering to the LORD. Whoever is of a willing heart, let him bring it as an offering to the LORD: gold, silver, and bronze; 6 blue, purple, and scarlet thread, fine linen, and goats’ hair; 7 ram skins made red, badger skins, and acacia wood; 8 oil for the light, and spices for the anointing oil and for the sweet incense; 9 onyx stones, and stones to be set in the ephod and in the breastplate.
- See the comments about “red” below.
8. Shemot 35:23 (Mikraot Gedolot)
וְכׇל אִישׁ אֲשֶׁר נִמְצָא אִתּוֹ תְּכֵלֶת וְאַרְגָּמָן וְתוֹלַעַת שָׁנִי וְשֵׁשׁ וְעִזִּים וְעֹרֹת אֵילִם מְאׇדָּמִים וְעֹרֹת תְּחָשִׁיםהֵבִיאוּ.
⦁ Exodus 35:23
23 And every man, with whom was found blue, purple, and scarlet thread, fine linen, and goats(‘ hair), red skins of rams, and badger skins, brought them.
- See the comments about “red” below.
- Recall goats “strength/concentrate energy.”
9. Shemot 36:19 (Mikraot Gedolot)
וַיַּעַשׂ מִכְסֶה לָאֹהֶל עֹרֹת אֵילִם מְאׇדָּמִים וּמִכְסֵה עֹרֹת תְּחָשִׁים מִלְמָעְלָה.
⦁ Exodus 36:14-19
14 He made curtains of goats’ hair for the tent over the tabernacle; he made eleven curtains. 15 The length of each curtain was thirty cubits, and the width of each curtain four cubits; the eleven curtains were the same size. 16 He coupled five curtains by themselves and six curtains by themselves. 17 And he made fifty loops on the edge of the curtain that is outermost in one set, and fifty loops he made on the edge of the curtain of the second set. 18 He also made fifty bronze clasps to couple the tent together, that it might be one. 19 Then he made a covering for the tent of ram skins made red, and a covering of badger skins above that.
- See the comments about “red” below.
10. Shemot 39:34 (Mikraot Gedolot)
וְאֶת מִכְסֵה עוֹרֹת הָאֵילִם הַמְאׇדָּמִים וְאֶת מִכְסֵה עֹרֹת הַתְּחָשִׁים וְאֵת פָּרֹכֶת הַמָּסָךְ.
⦁ Exodus 39:32-41 this fits with our earlier discussions about the Tabernacle
32 Thus all the work of the tabernacle of the tent of meeting was finished. And the children of Israel did according to all that the LORD had commanded Moses; so they did. 33 And they brought the tabernacle to Moses, the tent and all its furnishings: its clasps, its boards, its bars, its pillars, and its sockets; 34 the covering of ram skins made red, the covering of badger skins, and the veil of the covering; 35 the ark of the Testimony with its poles, and the mercy seat; 36 the table, all its utensils, and the showbread; 37 the pure gold lampstand with its lamps (the lamps set in order), all its utensils, and the oil for light; 38 the gold altar, the anointing oil, and the sweet incense; the screen for the tabernacle door; 39 the bronze altar, its grate of bronze, its poles, and all its utensils; the laver with its base; 40 the hangings of the court, its pillars and its sockets, the screen for the court gate, its cords, and its pegs; all the utensils for the service of the tabernacle, for the tent of meeting; 41 and the garments of ministry, to minister in the holy place: the holy garments for Aaron the priest, and his sons’ garments, to minister as priests.
- See the comments about “red” below. And recall that the furnishings of the Tabernacle refer to those things necessary for a place in which the LORD (יהוה) can live with mankind. See דן/דם in the Tabernacle passages. – begin in Ex35.
11. Devarim 19:10 (Mikraot Gedolot)
וְלֹא יִשָּׁפֵךְ דָּם נָקִי בְּקֶרֶב אַרְצְךָ אֲשֶׁר י״י אֱלֹהֶיךָ נֹתֵן לְךָ נַחֲלָה וְהָיָה עָלֶיךָ דָּמִים.
⦁ Deuteronomy 19:8-10
8 “Now if the LORD your God enlarges your territory, as He swore to your fathers, and gives you the land which He promised to give to your fathers, 9 and if you keep all these commandments and do them, which I command you today, to love the LORD your God and to walk always in His ways, then you shall add three more cities for yourself besides these three, 10 lest innocent blood be shed in the drawing close/midst of your land which the LORD your God is giving you as an inheritance, and thus upon you {guilt of bloodshed}.
12. Devarim 22:8 (Mikraot Gedolot)
כִּי תִבְנֶה בַּיִת חָדָשׁ וְעָשִׂיתָ מַעֲקֶה לְגַגֶּךָ וְלֹא תָשִׂים דָּמִים בְּבֵיתֶךָ כִּי יִפֹּל הַנֹּפֵל מִמֶּנּוּ.
⦁ Deuteronomy 22:8
8 “When you build a new house, then you shall make a parapet for your roof, that you may not bring {guilt of bloodshed} on your household if anyone falls from it.
Blog 91. Parapet around your Roof discusses this passage. Current insights may add to the meaning there and in 14. Synthetic Grasp of Life.
13. Yehoshua 15:7 (Mikraot Gedolot)
וְעָלָה הַגְּבוּל דְּבִרָה מֵעֵמֶק עָכוֹר וְצָפוֹנָה פֹּנֶה אֶל הַגִּלְגָּל אֲשֶׁר נֹכַח לְמַעֲלֵה אֲדֻמִּים אֲשֶׁר מִנֶּגֶב לַנָּחַל וְעָבַרהַגְּבוּל אֶל מֵי עֵין שֶׁמֶשׁ וְהָיוּ תֹצְאֹתָיו אֶל עֵין רֹגֵל.
⦁ Joshua 15:7 See comments in #14, just below.
7 Then the border went up toward Debir from the Valley of Achor, and it turned northward toward Gilgal, which is before the Ascent of Adummim, which is on the south side of the valley. The border continued toward the waters of En Shemesh and ended at En Rogel.
14. Yehoshua 18:17 (Mikraot Gedolot)
וְתָאַר מִצָּפוֹן וְיָצָא עֵין שֶׁמֶשׁ וְיָצָא אֶל גְּלִילוֹת אֲשֶׁר נֹכַח מַעֲלֵה אֲדֻמִּים וְיָרַד אֶבֶן בֹּהַן בֶּן רְאוּבֵן.
⦁ Joshua 18:15-19
15 The south side began at the end of Kirjath Jearim, and the border extended on the west and went out to the spring of the waters of Nephtoah. 16 Then the border came down to the end of the mountain that lies before the Valley of the Son of Hinnom, which is in the Valley of the Rephaim on the north, descended to the Valley of Hinnom, to the side of the Jebusite city on the south, and descended to En Rogel. 17 And it went around from the north, went out to En Shemesh, and extended toward Geliloth, which is before the Ascent of Adummim, and descended to the stone of Bohan the son of Reuben. 18 Then it passed along toward the north side of Arabah, and went down to Arabah. 19 And the border passed along to the north side of Beth Hoglah; then the border ended at the north bay at the Salt Sea, at the south end of the Jordan. This was the southern boundary. (We see Goliath mentioned below – see clear relationship with Geliloth, and the root here.)
See comment below about “red,” and see the two highlighted words above, Geliloth – for which I show the entry that you may discern how it might fit here. The word translated as “before,” נכח, shows in the entry below. If you think of מand נ being similar in meaning, and the two-letter word כח is “having power,” then נכח would be as “from” “having power.”
- A brief pause. I encourage you to go back to read the Post 12. Levels of Meaning, for there is much there of importance. See PaRDeS. This excerpt on the “simple level” is taken from that Post:
“● P – פְּשָׁט peśaṭ OR פָּרַשׁ p̱âraš h6584. פָּשַׁט pāšaṭ is a Biblical verb. The abbreviated CWSBD definition is “to strip, to strip off; to raid, to invade.” h6567. פָּרַשׁ p̱âraš is a Biblical verb. The abbreviated CWSBD definition is “to show, to make clear, to distinguish. It means to explain, to interpret something.” Both “peshaṭ” and “perush” are listed here as there are two traditions of usage. One can see by looking at the meaning of the words, both could cover a similar meaning. ””A rule, which was not, however, universally known (comp. Shab. 63a), was laid down that the literal sense must not be completely changed by the interpretation of the derash (Yeb. 24a; comp. Tos. Yom-Ṭob with Yeb. ii. 8), although it is noteworthy that this restriction of the meaning of “peshaṭ” as contrasted with “derash” is accurately observed only in the Babylonian Talmud.” [Peshat *** Bacher footnote below]
What this means to you, the reader, is that whether or not there are all these other levels of meaning, the “simple level” must be true, historical events that actually took place. What it also means is that anyone’s exegesis/midrash is untrue if it contradicts what the peshaṭ/perush says. Read the passage and understand it at a simple level; however, it must be understood based upon many of the topics covered here in this book. It does not mean there may not be figurative language, even in the simple level. And understanding the Hebrew way of thought, the concrete terminology, the idioms are necessary even for looking at the Peshat/Perush. [please note that a parable is specifically a story told by a storyteller to make a point or points – the writer is not saying that each scenario described in a parable actually took place, but that the person indicated to have spoken the parable did indeed do so – hopefully that is clear.] ●”
- Just as you may see in this entry and others associated with it, that there are life events occurring now that are reflected well in the Scriptural passages written thousands of years ago, know that writing inspired from an Omniscient being reflects Truth, see Deuteronomy 18:22. And this is true even if the truth is shared in riddles/proverbs/parables (see h2420 and h4912 occurring in parallel five times – Ps49:4, 78:2; Pr1:6; Ez17:2; Hb2:6.)
15. Shemuel I 17:1 (Mikraot Gedolot)
וַיַּאַסְפוּ פְלִשְׁתִּים אֶת מַחֲנֵיהֶם לַמִּלְחָמָה וַיֵּאָסְפוּ שֹׂכֹה אֲשֶׁר לִיהוּדָה וַיַּחֲנוּ בֵּין שׂוֹכֹה וּבֵין עֲזֵקָה בְּאֶפֶסדַּמִּים.
⦁ 1 Samuel 17:1-3
1 Now the Philistines gathered their armies together to battle, and were gathered at Sochoh, which belongs to Judah; they encamped between Sochoh and Azekah, in Ephes Dammim. 2 And Saul and the men of Israel were gathered together, and they encamped in the Valley of Elah, and drew up in battle array against the Philistines. 3 The Philistines stood on a mountain on one side, and Israel stood on a mountain on the other side, with a valley between them.
- Sochah – heightened attention
- Azekah – like strength (concentrate energy)
- Ephes – in this is frustration
16. Shemuel I 25:26 (Mikraot Gedolot)
וְעַתָּה אֲדֹנִי חַי י״י וְחֵי נַפְשְׁךָ אֲשֶׁר מְנָעֲךָ י״י מִבּוֹא בְדָמִים וְהוֹשֵׁעַ יָדְךָ לָךְ וְעַתָּה יִהְיוּ כְנָבָל אֹיְבֶיךָוְהַמְבַקְשִׁים אֶל אֲדֹנִי רָעָה.
17. Shemuel I 25:33 (Mikraot Gedolot)
וּבָרוּךְ טַעְמֵךְ וּבְרוּכָה אָתְּ אֲשֶׁר כְּלִתִנִי הַיּוֹם הַזֶּה מִבּוֹא בְדָמִים וְהֹשֵׁעַ יָדִי לִי.
⦁ 1 Samuel 25:26-33
26 Now therefore, my lord, as the LORD lives and as your soul lives, since the LORD has held you back from coming in bloodguilt and from avenging yourself with your own hand, now then, let your enemies and those who seek harm for my lord be as Nabal. 27 And now this present which your maidservant has brought to my lord, let it be given to the young men who follow my lord. 28 Please forgive the trespass of your maidservant. For the LORD will certainly make for my lord an enduring house, because my lord fights the battles of the LORD, and evil is not found in you throughout your days. 29 Yet a man has risen to pursue you and seek your life, but the life of my lord shall be bound in the bundle of the living with the LORD your God; and the lives of your enemies He shall sling out, as from the pocket of a sling. 30 And it shall come to pass, when the LORD has done for my lord according to all the good that He has spoken concerning you, and has appointed you ruler over Israel, 31 that this will be no grief to you, nor offense of heart to my lord, either that you have shed blood without cause, or that my lord has avenged himself. But when the LORD has dealt well with my lord, then remember your maidservant.”
32 Then David said to Abigail: “Blessed is the LORD God of Israel, who sent you this day to meet me! 33 And blessed is your advice and blessed are you, because you have kept me this day from coming in bloodguilt and from avenging myself with my own hand. ⇦◾︎
18. Shemuel II 16:7 (Mikraot Gedolot)
וְכֹה אָמַר שִׁמְעִי בְּקַלְלוֹ צֵא צֵא אִישׁ הַדָּמִים וְאִישׁ הַבְּלִיָּעַל.
19. Shemuel II 16:8 (Mikraot Gedolot)
הֵשִׁיב עָלֶיךָ י״י כֹּל דְּמֵי בֵית שָׁאוּל אֲשֶׁר מָלַכְתָּ תַּחְתָּו וַיִּתֵּן י״י אֶת הַמְּלוּכָה בְּיַד אַבְשָׁלוֹם בְּנֶךָ וְהִנְּךָבְּרָעָתֶךָ כִּי אִישׁ דָּמִים אָתָּה.
⦁ 2 Samuel 16:7-8 NKJV – seen above
7 Also Shimei said thus when he cursed: “Come out! Come out! You bloodthirstyman, you rogue! 8 The LORD has brought upon you all the blood of the house of Saul, in whose place you have reigned; and the LORD has delivered the kingdom into the hand of Absalom your son. So now you are caught in your own evil, because you are a bloodthirsty man!”
- Or man of bloodguilt
20. Shemuel II 21:1 (Mikraot Gedolot)
וַיְהִי רָעָב בִּימֵי דָוִד שָׁלֹשׁ שָׁנִים שָׁנָה אַחֲרֵי שָׁנָה וַיְבַקֵּשׁ דָּוִד אֶת פְּנֵי י״י וַיֹּאמֶר י״י אֶל שָׁאוּל וְאֶל בֵּיתהַדָּמִים עַל אֲשֶׁר הֵמִית אֶת הַגִּבְעֹנִים.
⦁ 2 Samuel 21:1-2 NKJV – seen above
1 Now there was a famine in the days of David for three years, year after year; and David inquired of the LORD. And the LORD answered, “It is because of Saul and his bloodthirsty house, because he killed the Gibeonites.” 2 So the king called the Gibeonites and spoke to them. Now the Gibeonites were not of the children of Israel, but of the remnant of the Amorites; the children of Israel had sworn protection to them, but Saul had sought to kill them in his zeal for the children of Israel and Judah.
⦁ 2 Samuel 21:1-2 or could be seen more literally
1 Now there was a famine in the days of David for three years, year after year; and David inquired of the LORD. And the LORD answered, “It is because of Saul and his house of bloodguilt, because he killed the Gibeonites.” 2 So the king called the Gibeonites and spoke to them. Now the Gibeonites were not of the children of Israel, but of the remnant of the Amorites; the children of Israel had sworn protection to them, but Saul had sought to kill them in his zeal for the children of Israel and Judah.
- As you read the passages, call to mind Saul as an example of “bloodguilt,” tending to go to the extreme, over-react to circumstances. (This is the same tendency see in Simon Peter in the Greek Testament, the one called Teacher having to repeatedly correct his over-reaction. When Simon is initially introduced (Luke 5:8), he recognizes his words of disrespect, and seeks a humble position. It is reminiscent of David’s response to Nathan’s parable of the Ewe (2 Samuel 12:1-15). In our דמים passages, we see David’s being referred to, as well. Read passages with this in mind, as of David having to “prove” something –
21. Melakhim II 3:22 (Mikraot Gedolot)
וַיַּשְׁכִּימוּ בַבֹּקֶר וְהַשֶּׁמֶשׁ זָרְחָה עַל הַמָּיִם וַיִּרְאוּ מוֹאָב מִנֶּגֶד אֶת הַמַּיִם אֲדֻמִּים כַּדָּם.
⦁ 2 Kings 3:21-23
21 And when all the Moabites heard that the kings had come up to fight against them, all who were able to bear arms and older were gathered; and they stood at the border. 22(21H) Then they rose up early in the morning, and the sun was shining on the water; and the Moabites saw the water from opposite red like blood. 23 And they said, “This is blood; the kings have surely struck swords and have killed one another; now therefore, Moab, to the spoil!”
(See note Bloods Wine – another time)
A suggestion – in these passages where you see אדמים translated as “red,” also consider an individualized inclination toward “bloodguilt,” that is, “going to the extreme,” getting wrapped up in the external circumstances.
א –
AHLB – oxen, yoke and learn
TWHA – The symbol of God’s oneness and mastery
DeviantArt – ox, bull, gentle, tame, the leader, strength, what is first, Adonai (my lord), thousand, teach
EDBH says three things of א: p.298 it can be added as a prefix to a three lettered root to form a noun or adjective (examples given also may be seen as “individualizing”); p.295 “Other forms that interchange are the ל״ה root (קרה) and the ל״א root (קרא); p.296, both ה and א can be used in creating Derivational Variants, “individualizing or targeting the new action.” (Recall ה is the “bearer of existence.”)
22. Melakhim II 16:6 (Mikraot Gedolot)
בָּעֵת הַהִיא הֵשִׁיב רְצִין מֶלֶךְ אֲרָם אֶת אֵילַת לַאֲרָם וַיְנַשֵּׁל אֶת הַיְּהוּדִים מֵאֵילוֹת [וַאֲדֹמִים] (וארמים) בָּאוּאֵילַת וַיֵּשְׁבוּ שָׁם עַד הַיּוֹם הַזֶּה.
⦁ 2 Kings 16:5-6
5 Then Rezin king of Syria and Pekah the son of Remaliah, king of Israel, came up to Jerusalem to make war; and they besieged Ahaz but could not overcome him. 6 At that time Rezin king of Syria captured Elath for Syria, and drove the men of Judah from Elath. Then the Syrians went to Elath, and dwell there to this day. – see that what is written is Arameans/Syrians but what is being read is ואדמים which NKJV translates as Edomites. Caution! Are we making it say what we want it to say? We pointed out long ago in the Damascus keyword discussion that Aram ארם, meaning “rise” had to deal with an elevated or haughty position and that Damascus was a humbling from that position.
23. Yeshayahu 1:15 (Mikraot Gedolot)
וּבְפָרִשְׂכֶם כַּפֵּיכֶם אַעְלִים עֵינַי מִכֶּם גַּם כִּי תַרְבּוּ תְפִלָּה אֵינֶנִּי שֹׁמֵעַ יְדֵיכֶם דָּמִים מָלֵאוּ.
⦁ Isaiah 1:7-17
7 Your country (is) desolate,
Your cities (are) burned with fire;
Strangers devour your land in your presence;
And (it is) desolate, as overthrown by strangers.
8 So the daughter of Zion is left as a booth in a vineyard,
As a hut in a garden of cucumbers,
As a besieged city.
9 Unless the LORD of hosts
Had left to us a very small remnant,
We would have become like Sodom,
We would have been made like Gomorrah.
10 Hear the word of the LORD,
You rulers of Sodom;
Give ear to the law of our God,
You people of Gomorrah:
11 “To what purpose is the multitude of your sacrifices to me?”
Says the LORD.
“I have had enough of burnt offerings of rams
And the fat of fed cattle.
I do not delight in the blood of bulls,
Or of lambs or goats.
12 “When you come to appear before me,
Who has required this from your hand,
To trample my courts?
13 Bring no more futile sacrifices;
Incense is an abomination to me.
The New Moons, the Sabbaths, and the calling of assemblies—
I cannot endure iniquity and the sacred meeting.
14 Your New Moons and your appointed feasts
My soul hates;
They are a trouble to me,
I am weary of bearing them.
15 When you spread out your hands,
I will hide my eyes from you;
Even though you make many prayers,
I will not hear.
Your hands are full of bloodguilt.
16 “Wash yourselves, make yourselves clean;
Put away the evil of your doings from before my eyes.
Cease to do evil,
17 Learn to do good;
Seek justice,
Rebuke the oppressor;
Defend the fatherless,
Plead for the widow.
24. Yeshayahu 9:4 (Mikraot Gedolot)
כִּי כׇל סְאוֹן סֹאֵן בְּרַעַשׁ וְשִׂמְלָה מְגוֹלָלָה בְדָמִים וְהָיְתָה לִשְׂרֵפָה מַאֲכֹלֶת אֵשׁ.
⦁ Isaiah 9:1-5
1 Nevertheless the gloom will not be upon her who is distressed,
As when at first he lightly esteemed
The land of Zebulun and the land of Naphtali,
And afterward more heavily oppressed her,
By the way of the sea, beyond the Jordan,
In Galilee of the Gentiles.
2 The people who walked in darkness
Have seen a great light;
Those who dwelt in the land of the shadow of death,
Upon them a light has shined.
3 You have multiplied the nation
And increased its joy;
They rejoice before You
According to the joy of harvest,
As (men) rejoice when they divide the spoil.
4 For You have broken the yoke of his burden
And the staff of his shoulder,
The rod of his oppressor,
As in the day of Midian.
5 For every warrior’s sandal from the noisy battle,
And garments rolled in bloodguilt,
Will be used for burning (and) fuel of fire.
25. Yeshayahu 33:15 (Mikraot Gedolot)
הֹלֵךְ צְדָקוֹת וְדֹבֵר מֵישָׁרִים מֹאֵס בְּבֶצַע מַעֲשַׁקּוֹת נֹעֵר כַּפָּיו מִתְּמֹךְ בַּשֹּׁחַד אֹטֵם אׇזְנוֹ מִשְּׁמֹעַ דָּמִים וְעֹצֵםעֵינָיו מֵרְאוֹת בְּרָע.
● Isaiah 33:14-16 See the parallel structure in v.15; some equal, some opposite.
14 The sinners in Zion are afraid;
Fearfulness has seized the hypocrites:
“Who among us shall dwell with the devouring fire?
Who among us shall dwell with everlasting burnings?”
15 He who walks righteously and speaks uprightly,
He who despises the gain of oppressions,
Who gestures with his hands, refusing bribes,
Who stops his ears from hearing משמע of bloodguilt,
And shuts his eyes from seeing evil:
16 He will dwell on high;
His place of defense will be the fortress of rocks;
Bread will be given him,
His water will be sure.
- Hearing/obeying bloodguilt is similar to
- Seeing evil
- Gain of oppressions
- And opposite of refusing bribes
- And walking righteously
- And speaking uprightly
26. Yechezkel 7:23 (Mikraot Gedolot)
עֲשֵׂה הָרַתּוֹק כִּי הָאָרֶץ מָלְאָה מִשְׁפַּט דָּמִים וְהָעִיר מָלְאָה חָמָס.
⦁ Ezekiel 7:23
23 ‘Make a chain,
For the land is filled with crimes of bloodguilt,
And the city is full of violence.
27. Yechezkel 9:9 (Mikraot Gedolot)
וַיֹּאמֶר אֵלַי עֲוֺן בֵּית יִשְׂרָאֵל וִיהוּדָה גָּדוֹל בִּמְאֹד מְאֹד וַתִּמָּלֵא הָאָרֶץ דָּמִים וְהָעִיר מָלְאָה מֻטֶּה כִּי אָמְרוּעָזַב י״י אֶת הָאָרֶץ וְאֵין י״י רֹאֶה.
⦁ Ezekiel 9:9-10
9 Then He said to me, “The iniquity of the house of Israel and Judah is exceedingly great, and the land is full of bloodshed/bloodguilt, and the city full of perversity; for they say, The LORD has forsaken the land, and the LORD does not see!’ 10 And as for Me also, My eye will neither spare, nor will I have pity, but I will recompense their deeds on their own head.”
28. Yechezkel 22:2 (Mikraot Gedolot)
וְאַתָּה בֶן אָדָם הֲתִשְׁפֹּט הֲתִשְׁפֹּט אֶת עִיר הַדָּמִים וְהוֹדַעְתָּהּ אֵת כׇּל תּוֹעֲבוֹתֶיהָ.
⦁ Ezekiel 22:1-3 of Jerusalem
1 Moreover the word of the LORD came to me, saying, 2 “Now, son of man, will you judge, will you judge the city of the bloodguilt? Yes, show her all her abominations! 3 Then say, ‘Thus says the Lord GOD: “The city sheds blood in her own midst, that her time may come; and she makes idols within herself to defile herself.
29. Yechezkel 24:6 (Mikraot Gedolot)
לָכֵן כֹּה אָמַר אֲדֹנָי יֱ־הֹוִה אוֹי עִיר הַדָּמִים סִיר אֲשֶׁר חֶלְאָתָה בָהּ וְחֶלְאָתָהּ לֹא יָצְאָה מִמֶּנָּה לִנְתָחֶיהָלִנְתָחֶיהָ הוֹצִיאָהּ לֹא נָפַל עָלֶיהָ גּוֹרָל.
30. Yechezkel 24:9 (Mikraot Gedolot)
לָכֵן כֹּה אָמַר אֲדֹנָי יֱ־הֹוִה אוֹי עִיר הַדָּמִים גַּם אֲנִי אַגְדִּיל הַמְּדוּרָה.
⦁ Ezekiel 24:6-8
6 ‘Therefore thus says the Lord GOD:
“Woe to the city of the bloodguilt,
To the pot whose scum is in it,
And whose scum is not gone from it!
Bring it out piece by piece,
On which no lot has fallen.
7 For her blood is in her midst;
She set it on top of a rock;
She did not pour it on the ground,
To cover it with dust.
8 That it may raise up fury and take vengeance,
I have set her blood on top of a rock,
That it may not be covered.”
31. Hoshea 4:2 (Mikraot Gedolot)
אָלֹה וְכַחֵשׁ וְרָצֹחַ וְגָנֹב וְנָאֹף פָּרָצוּ וְדָמִים בְּדָמִים נָגָעוּ.
⦁ Hosea 4:1-2
1 Hear the word of the LORD,
You children of Israel,
For the LORD brings a charge against the inhabitants of the land:
“There is no truth or mercy
Or knowledge of God in the land.
2 By swearing and lying,
Killing and stealing and committing adultery,
They break all restraint,
And bloodguilt in bloodguilt.
32. Mikhah 3:10 (Mikraot Gedolot)
בֹּנֶה צִיּוֹן בְּדָמִים וִירוּשָׁלַ͏ִם בְּעַוְלָה.
⦁ Micah 3:9-10
9 Now hear this,
You heads of the house of Jacob
And rulers of the house of Israel,
Who abhor justice
And pervert all equity,
10 Who build up Zion in bloodguilt
And Jerusalem with iniquity:
33. Mikhah 7:2 (Mikraot Gedolot)
אָבַד חָסִיד מִן הָאָרֶץ וְיָשָׁר בָּאָדָם אָיִן כֻּלָּם לְדָמִים יֶאֱרֹבוּ אִישׁ אֶת אָחִיהוּ יָצוּדוּ חֵרֶם.
⦁ Micah 7:2
2 The faithful man has perished from the earth,
And there is no one upright among men.
They all lie in wait toward bloodguilt;
Every man hunts his brother with a net.
34. Nachum 3:1 (Mikraot Gedolot)
הוֹי עִיר דָּמִים כֻּלָּהּ כַּחַשׁ פֶּרֶק מְלֵאָה לֹא יָמִישׁ טָרֶף.
⦁ Nahum 3:1 of Nineveh
1 Woe to the city of bloodguilt!
It is all full of lies and robbery.
Its victim never departs.
35. Chavakkuk 2:12 (Mikraot Gedolot)
הוֹי בֹּנֶה עִיר בְּדָמִים וְכוֹנֵן קִרְיָה בְּעַוְלָה.
⦁ Habakkuk 2:12
12 “Woe to him who builds a town in bloodguilt,
Who establishes a city by iniquity!
36. Zekharyah 1:8 (Mikraot Gedolot)
רָאִיתִי הַלַּיְלָה וְהִנֵּה אִישׁ רֹכֵב עַל סוּס אָדֹם וְהוּא עֹמֵד בֵּין הַהֲדַסִּים אֲשֶׁר בַּמְּצֻלָה וְאַחֲרָיו סוּסִים אֲדֻמִּיםשְׂרֻקִּים וּלְבָנִים.
● Zechariah 1:8-11
8 I saw by night, and behold, a man riding on a red horse, and it stood among the myrtle trees in the hollow; and behind him were horses: red, sorrel, and white. 9 Then I said, “My lord, what are these?” So the angel who talked with me said to me, “I will show you what they are.”
10 And the man who stood among the myrtle trees answered and said, “These are the ones whom the LORD has sent to walk to and fro throughout the earth.”
11 So they answered the Angel of the LORD, who stood among the myrtle trees, and said, “We have walked to and fro throughout the earth, and behold, all the earth is resting quietly.”
37. Zekharyah 6:2 (Mikraot Gedolot)
בַּמֶּרְכָּבָה הָרִאשֹׁנָה סוּסִים אֲדֻמִּים וּבַמֶּרְכָּבָה הַשֵּׁנִית סוּסִים שְׁחֹרִים.
● Zechariah 6:1-4
1 Then I turned and raised my eyes and looked, and behold, four chariots were coming from between two mountains, and the mountains were mountains of bronze. 2 With the first chariot were red horses, with the second chariot black horses, 3 with the third chariot white horses, and with the fourth chariot dappled horses—strong steeds. 4 Then I answered and said to the angel who talked with me, “What are these, my lord?”
38. Tehillim 5:7 (Mikraot Gedolot)
תְּאַבֵּד דֹּבְרֵי כָזָב אִישׁ דָּמִים וּמִרְמָה יְתָעֵב י״י.
⦁ Psalms 5:6 NKJV – seen above
6(7H) You shall destroy those who speak falsehood;
The LORD abhors the bloodthirsty and deceitful man.
39. Tehillim 9:13 (Mikraot Gedolot)
כִּי דֹרֵשׁ דָּמִים אוֹתָם זָכָר לֹא שָׁכַח צַעֲקַת [עֲנָוִים] (עניים).
⦁ Psalms 9:12 NKJV
12(13H) When he avenges blood, he remembers them;
He does not forget the cry of the humble.
⦁ Psalms 9:12
12(13H) Because he investigates/seeks thoroughly bloodguilt, he remembers them;
He does not forget the cry of the humble.
40. Tehillim 26:9 (Mikraot Gedolot)
אַל תֶּאֱסֹף עִם חַטָּאִים נַפְשִׁי וְעִם אַנְשֵׁי דָמִים חַיָּי.
⦁ Psalms 26:9 NKJV – seen above
9 Do not gather my soul with sinners,
Nor my life with bloodthirsty men,
41. Tehillim 51:16 (Mikraot Gedolot)
הַצִּילֵנִי מִדָּמִים אֱלֹהִים אֱלֹהֵי תְשׁוּעָתִי תְּרַנֵּן לְשׁוֹנִי צִדְקָתֶךָ.
⦁ Psalms 51:14
14(16H) Deliver me from the guilt of bloodshed/bloodguilt, O God,
The God of my salvation,
And my tongue shall sing aloud of Your righteousness.
42. Tehillim 55:24 (Mikraot Gedolot)
וְאַתָּה אֱלֹהִים תּוֹרִדֵם לִבְאֵר שַׁחַת אַנְשֵׁי דָמִים וּמִרְמָה לֹא יֶחֱצוּ יְמֵיהֶם וַאֲנִי אֶבְטַח בָּךְ.
⦁ Psalms 55:23 NKJV – seen above
23(24H) But You, O God, shall bring them down to the pit of destruction;
Bloodthirsty and deceitful men shall not live out half their days;
But I will trust in You.
43. Tehillim 59:3 (Mikraot Gedolot)
הַצִּילֵנִי מִפֹּעֲלֵי אָוֶן וּמֵאַנְשֵׁי דָמִים הוֹשִׁיעֵנִי.
⦁ Psalms 59:2 NKJV – seen above
2 Deliver me from the workers of iniquity,
And save me from bloodthirsty men.
44. Tehillim 106:38 (Mikraot Gedolot)
וַיִּשְׁפְּכוּ דָם נָקִי דַּם בְּנֵיהֶם וּבְנוֹתֵיהֶם אֲשֶׁר זִבְּחוּ לַעֲצַבֵּי כְנָעַן וַתֶּחֱנַף הָאָרֶץ בַּדָּמִים.
⦁ Psalms 106:38 NKJV
38 And shed innocent blood,
The blood of their sons and daughters,
Whom they sacrificed to the idols of Canaan;
And the land was polluted with blood.
⦁ Psalms 106:38 more literal
38 And shed innocent blood,
The blood of their sons and daughters,
Whom they sacrificed to the idols of Canaan;
And the land was polluted in bloodguilt.
45. Tehillim 139:19 (Mikraot Gedolot)
אִם תִּקְטֹל אֱלוֹהַּ רָשָׁע וְאַנְשֵׁי דָמִים סוּרוּ מֶנִּי.
⦁ Psalms 139:19 NKJV – seen above
19 Oh, that You would slay the wicked, O God!
Depart from me, therefore, you bloodthirsty men.
46. Mishlei 29:10 (Mikraot Gedolot)
אַנְשֵׁי דָמִים יִשְׂנְאוּ תָם וִישָׁרִים יְבַקְשׁוּ נַפְשׁוֹ.
⦁ Proverbs 29:10 NKJV – seen above
10 The bloodthirsty hate the blameless,
But the upright seek his well-being.
47. Divrei HaYamim I 11:13 (Mikraot Gedolot)
הוּא הָיָה עִם דָּוִיד בַּפַּס דַּמִּים וְהַפְּלִשְׁתִּים נֶאֶסְפוּ שָׁם לַמִּלְחָמָה וַתְּהִי חֶלְקַת הַשָּׂדֶה מְלֵאָה שְׂעוֹרִים וְהָעָםנָסוּ מִפְּנֵי פְלִשְׁתִּים.
⦁ 1 Chronicles 11:12-13
12 After him was Eleazar the son of Dodo, the Ahohite, who was one of the three mighty men. 13 He was with David at Pasdammim. Now there the Philistines were gathered for battle, and there was a piece of ground full of barley. So the people fled from the Philistines.
48. Divrei HaYamim I 22:8 (Mikraot Gedolot)
וַיְהִי עָלַי דְּבַר י״י לֵאמֹר דָּם לָרֹב שָׁפַכְתָּ וּמִלְחָמוֹת גְּדֹלוֹת עָשִׂיתָ לֹא תִבְנֶה בַיִת לִשְׁמִי כִּי דָּמִים רַבִּיםשָׁפַכְתָּ אַרְצָה לְפָנָי.
⦁ 1 Chronicles 22:7-8 NKJV
7 And David said to Solomon: “My son, as for me, it was in my mind to build a house to the name of the LORD my God; 8 but the word of the LORD came to me, saying, ‘You have shed much blood and have made great wars; you shall not build a house for my name, because you have shed much blood on the earth in my sight.’
⦁ 1 Chronicles 22:7-8 NKJV
7 And David said to Solomon: “My son, as for me, it was in my mind to build a house to the name of the LORD my God; 8 but the word of the LORD came to me, saying, ‘You have shed much blood and have made great wars; you shall not build a house for my name, because great bloodguilt you have poured out on the earth in my sight.’
49. Divrei HaYamim I 28:3 (Mikraot Gedolot)
וְהָאֱלֹהִים אָמַר לִי לֹא תִבְנֶה בַיִת לִשְׁמִי כִּי אִישׁ מִלְחָמוֹת אַתָּה וְדָמִים שָׁפָכְתָּ.
● 1 Chronicles 28:2-3 NKJV
2 Then King David rose to his feet and said, “Hear me, my brethren and my people: I had it in my heart to build a house of rest for the ark of the covenant of the LORD, and for the footstool of our God, and had made preparations to build it. 3 But God said to me, ‘You shall not build a house for my name, because you have been a man of war and have shed blood.’ ●
BDB שׁפך
GLOSS qal: pour (out); shed; qal passive: be poured out; niphal: be shed; be poured out; hithpael: pour oneself out
PARSING Hebrew, verb, qal, perfect, 2nd person, masculine, singular
1 Chronicles 28:2-3 more literal
2 Then King David rose to his feet and said, “Hear me, my brethren and my people: I had it in my heart to build a house of rest for the ark of the covenant of the LORD, and for the footstool of our God, and had made preparations to build it. 3 But God said to me, ‘You shall not build a house for my name, because you have been a man of war and bloodguilt you have poured out.’
It became clear through this study that David was a man who did not respect his limits, had “bloodguilt,” which led to the study shown in Blog 123. דם is about measuring, about setting limits, and דמים is excess, exceeding limits set by the LORD. This is why he could not build the Temple, not that he had wars, but that he did not know his bounds. He did not show the אב characteristic of “lovingly instill restraint.” His was not a path to follow; he was not to be the example. He is the example regarding repentance, but not in his excesses (We see his tendency early in 1 Samuel 18:25-27, and in the need to go the extra step of cutting off Goliath’s head after already having killed him (1 Samuel 17:50-51). The trait is seen as well in his setting up Uriah’s death after his adultery with Bathsheba.) There is much that we hear good about David’s repentant heart, but the bloodguilt was a barrier to his building the Temple. And his passing along some instructions as seen to Solomon may have had an effect on the longevity of Solomon’s Temple (like killing others). There were clear caveats given by the LORD (יהוה) regarding following his way. (See 1 Kings 2:4 and 8:25.) Hopefully this has helped in understanding. And… some of the roots we have encountered above will become important in our upcoming entries.
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