As before, ● marks the context of verses that indicated a previous word was fulfilled and ▸ marks the context of the referent verses that are being fulfilled. If there are multiple referent verses, there may be several ▸’s before the next ●. There is a space inserted before each new passage saying a word was fulfilled, and again, index passages are in red, referent in indigo.
Matthew examples are extensive, thus his usage is listed in a separate post This will give an opportunity for several discussions, one is his usage in the Greek. Another is the wording that we have available from the Hebrew Gospel of Matthew, translated by George Howard from Shem Tov’s manuscript. And finally, because there are a couple of more complex situations, it will give an opportunity to discuss those.
●Matthew 1:18-25
18 Now the birth of Yeshua the Anointed took place in this way. When his mother Mary had been betrothed to Yosef, before they came together she was found to be with child from the Holy Spirit. 19 And her husband Joseph, being a just man and unwilling to put her to shame, resolved to divorce her quietly. 20 But as he considered these things, behold, an angel of the Lord appeared to him in a dream, saying, “Joseph, son of David, do not fear to take Mary as your wife, for that which is conceived in her is from the Holy Spirit. 21 She will bear a son, and you shall call his name Yeshua, for he will save his people from their sins.” 22 All this took place to fulfill (g4137. πληρόω plēroō) what the Lord had spoken by the prophet:
23 “Behold, the virgin shall conceive and bear a son,
and they shall call his name Immanuel”
(which means, God with us). 24 When Joseph woke from sleep, he did as the angel of the Lord commanded him: he took his wife, 25 but knew her not until she had given birth to a son. And he called his name Jesus. [Hebrew Matthew has (CWSBD) H1584. גָּמַר gāmar: A verb meaning to complete, to perfect, to fail, to cease.]
▸ Isaiah 7:10-25
The Sign of Immanuel
10 Again YHWH spoke to Ahaz, 11 “Ask a sign of YHWH your God; let it be deep as Sheol or high as heaven.” 12 But Ahaz said, “I will not ask, and I will not put YHWH to the test.” 13 And he said, “Hear then, O house of David! Is it too little for you to weary men, that you weary my God also? 14 Therefore the Lord (h0136. אֲדֹנָי ’ăḏônây) himself will give you a sign. Behold, the virgin/young woman shall conceive and bear a son, and shall call his name Immanuel. 15 He shall eat curds and honey when he knows how to refuse the evil and choose the good. 16 For before the boy knows how to refuse the evil and choose the good, the land whose two kings you dread will be deserted. 17 YHWH will bring upon you and upon your people and upon your father’s house such days as have not come since the day that Ephraim departed from Yehuda—the king of Assyria.”
18 In that day YHWH will whistle for the fly that is at the end of the streams of Egypt, and for the bee that is in the land of Assyria. 19 And they will all come and settle in the steep ravines, and in the clefts of the rocks, and on all the thornbushes, and on all the pastures.
20 In that day the Lord (h0136. אֲדֹנָי ’ăḏônây) will shave with a razor that is hired beyond the River—with the king of Assyria—the head and the hair of the feet, and it will sweep away the beard also.
21 In that day a man will keep alive a young cow and two sheep, 22 and because of the abundance of milk that they give, he will eat curds, for everyone who is left in the land will eat curds and honey.
23 In that day every place where there used to be a thousand vines, worth a thousand shekels of silver, will become briers and thorns. 24 With bow and arrows a man will come there, for all the land will be briers and thorns. 25 And as for all the hills that used to be hoed with a hoe, you will not come there for fear of briers and thorns, but they will become a place where cattle are let loose and where sheep tread.
●Matthew 2:13-15
13 Now when they had departed, behold, an angel of the Lord appeared to Joseph in a dream and said, “Rise, take the child and his mother, and flee to Egypt, and remain there until I tell you, for Herod is about to search for the child, to destroy him.” 14 And he rose and took the child and his mother by night and departed to Egypt 15 and remained there until the death of Herod. This was to fulfill (g4137. πληρόω plēroō) what the Lord had spoken by the prophet, “Out of Egypt I called my son.” [Hebrew Matthew has H1584. גָּמַר gāmar as above: complete, perfect, fail, cease]
▸ Hosea 11
1 When Israel was a child, I loved him,
and out of Egypt I called my son.
2 The more they were called,
the more they went away;
they kept sacrificing to the Baals
and burning offerings to idols.
3 Yet it was I who taught Ephraim to walk;
I took them up by their arms,
but they did not know that I healed them.
4 I led them with cords of kindness,
with the bands of love,
and I became to them as one who eases the yoke on their jaws,
and I bent down to them and fed them.
5 They shall not return to the land of Egypt,
but Assyria shall be their king,
because they have refused to return to me.
6 The sword shall rage against their cities,
consume the bars of their gates,
and devour them because of their own counsels.
7 My people are bent on turning away from me,
and though they call out to the Most High,
he shall not raise them up at all.
8 How can I give you up, O Ephraim?
How can I hand you over, O Israel?
How can I make you like Admah?
How can I treat you like Zeboiim?
My heart recoils within me;
my compassion grows warm and tender.
9 I will not execute my burning anger;
I will not again destroy Ephraim;
for I am God and not a man,
the Holy One in your midst,
and I will not come in wrath.
10 They shall go after YHWH;
he will roar like a lion;
when he roars,
his children shall come trembling from the west;
11 they shall come trembling like birds from Egypt,
and like doves from the land of Assyria,
and I will return them to their homes, declares YHWH.
12 Ephraim has surrounded me with lies,
and the house of Israel with deceit,
but Yehudah still walks with God
and is faithful to the Holy One.
●Matthew 2:16-18
16 Then Herod, when he saw that he had been tricked by the wise men, became furious, and he sent and killed all the male children in Bethlehem and in all that region who were two years old or under, according to the time that he had ascertained from the wise men. 17 Then was fulfilled (g4137. πληρόω plēroō) what was spoken by the prophet Yermiyahu:
18 “A voice was heard in Ramah,
weeping and loud lamentation,
Rachel weeping for her children;
she refused to be comforted, because they are no more.” [Hebrew Matthew has (CWSBD) H7999. שָׁלַם šālam: A verb meaning to be safe, to be completed, to restore.]
▸Jeremiah 31:10-17
10 “Hear the word of YHWH, O nations,
and declare it in the coastlands far away;
say, ‘He who scattered Israel will gather him,
and will keep him as a shepherd keeps his flock.’
11 For YHWH has ransomed Jacob
and has redeemed him from hands too strong for him.
12 They shall come and sing aloud on the height of Zion,
and they shall be radiant over the goodness of YHWH,
over the grain, the wine, and the oil,
and over the young of the flock and the herd;
their life shall be like a watered garden,
and they shall languish no more.
13 Then shall the young women rejoice in the dance,
and the young men and the old shall be merry.
I will turn their mourning into joy;
I will comfort them, and give them gladness for sorrow.
14 I will feast the soul of the priests with abundance,
and my people shall be satisfied with my goodness,
declares YHWH.”
15 Thus says YHWH:
“A voice is heard in Ramah,
lamentation and bitter weeping.
Rachel is weeping for her children;
she refuses to be comforted for her children,
because they are no more.”
16 Thus says YHWH:
“Keep your voice from weeping,
and your eyes from tears,
for there is a reward for your work,
declares YHWH,
and they shall come back from the land of the enemy.
17 There is hope for your future,
declares YHWH,
and your children shall come back to their own country.
●Matthew 8:5-17
The Faith of a Centurion
5 When he had entered Capernaum, a centurion came forward to him, appealing to him, 6 “Lord, my servant is lying paralyzed at home, suffering terribly.” 7 And he said to him, “I will come and heal him.” 8 But the centurion replied, “Lord, I am not worthy to have you come under my roof, but only say the word, and my servant will be healed. 9 For I too am a man under authority, with soldiers under me. And I say to one, ‘Go,’ and he goes, and to another, ‘Come,’ and he comes, and to my servant, ‘Do this,’ and he does it.” 10 When Jesus heard this, he marveled and said to those who followed him, “Truly, I tell you, with no one in Israel have I found such faith. 11 I tell you, many will come from east and west and recline at table with Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob in the kingdom of heaven, 12 while the sons of the kingdom will be thrown into the outer darkness. In that place there will be weeping and gnashing of teeth.” 13 And to the centurion Jesus said, “Go; let it be done for you as you have believed.” And the servant was healed at that very moment.
Jesus Heals Many
14 And when Jesus entered Peter’s house, he saw his mother-in-law lying sick with a fever. 15 He touched her hand, and the fever left her, and she rose and began to serve him. 16 That evening they brought to him many who were oppressed by demons, and he cast out the spirits with a word and healed all who were sick. 17 This was to fulfill (g4137. πληρόω plēroō) what was spoken by the prophet Isaiah: “He took our illnesses and bore our diseases.” [Hebrew Matthew has H1584. גָּמַר gāmar as above: complete, perfect, fail, cease]
▸Isaiah 53
1 Who has believed what he has heard from us?
And to whom has the arm of YHWH been revealed?
2 For he grew up before him like a young plant,
and like a root out of dry ground;
he had no form or majesty that we should look at him,
and no beauty that we should desire him.
3 He was despised and rejected by men;
a man of sorrows, and acquainted with grief;
and as one from whom men hide their faces
he was despised, and we esteemed him not.
4 Surely he has borne our griefs
and carried our sorrows;
yet we esteemed him stricken,
smitten by God, and afflicted.
5 But he was pierced for our transgressions;
he was crushed for our iniquities;
upon him was the chastisement that brought us peace,
and with his wounds we are healed.
6 All we like sheep have gone astray;
we have turned—every one—to his own way;
and YHWH has laid on him
the iniquity of us all.
7 He was oppressed, and he was afflicted,
yet he opened not his mouth;
like a lamb that is led to the slaughter,
and like a sheep that before its shearers is silent,
so he opened not his mouth.
8 By oppression and judgment he was taken away;
and as for his generation, who considered
that he was cut off out of the land of the living,
stricken for the transgression of my people?
9 And they made his grave with the wicked
and with a rich man in his death,
although he had done no violence,
and there was no deceit in his mouth.
10 Yet it was the will of YHWH to crush him;
he has put him to grief;
when his soul makes an offering for guilt,
he shall see his offspring; he shall prolong his days;
the will of YHWH shall prosper in his hand.
11 Out of the anguish of his soul he shall see and be satisfied;
by his knowledge shall the righteous one, my servant,
make many to be accounted righteous,
and he shall bear their iniquities.
12 Therefore I will divide him a portion with the many,
and he shall divide the spoil with the strong,
because he poured out his soul to death
and was numbered with the transgressors;
yet he bore the sin of many,
and makes intercession for the transgressors.
●Matthew 12:9-21
A Man with a Withered Hand
9 He went on from there and entered their synagogue. 10 And a man was there with a withered hand. And they asked him, “Is it lawful to heal on the Sabbath?”—so that they might accuse him. 11 He said to them, “Which one of you who has a sheep, if it falls into a pit on the Sabbath, will not take hold of it and lift it out? 12 Of how much more value is a man than a sheep! So it is lawful to do good on the Sabbath.” 13 Then he said to the man, “Stretch out your hand.” And the man stretched it out, and it was restored, healthy like the other. 14 But the Pharisees went out and conspired against him, how to destroy him.
God’s Chosen Servant
15 Jesus, aware of this, withdrew from there. And many followed him, and he healed them all 16 and ordered them not to make him known. 17 This was to fulfill (g4137. πληρόω plēroō) what was spoken by the prophet Isaiah:
18 “Behold, my servant whom I have chosen,
my beloved with whom my soul is well pleased.
I will put my Spirit upon him,
and he will proclaim justice to the Gentiles.
19 He will not quarrel or cry aloud,
nor will anyone hear his voice in the streets;
20 a bruised reed he will not break,
and a smoldering wick he will not quench,
until he brings justice to victory;
21 and in his name the Gentiles will hope.” (This phrase “in his name the Gentiles will hope” is noted in the ESV to be from verse 4 in the Septuagint version.) [Hebrew Matthew has (CWSBD) H6965. קוּם qûm: A verb meaning to arise, to stand, to stand up, make stand, establish.]
▸ Isaiah 42:1-21
1 Behold my servant, whom I uphold,
my chosen, in whom my soul delights;
I have put my Spirit upon him;
he will bring forth justice to the nations.
2 He will not cry aloud or lift up his voice,
or make it heard in the street;
3 a bruised reed he will not break,
and a faintly burning wick he will not quench;
he will faithfully bring forth justice.
4 He will not grow faint or be discouraged
till he has established justice in the earth;
and the coastlands wait for his law.
5 Thus says God, YHWH,
who created the heavens and stretched them out,
who spread out the earth and what comes from it,
who gives breath to the people on it
and spirit to those who walk in it:
6 “I am YHWH; I have called you in righteousness;
I will take you by the hand and keep you;
I will give you as a covenant for the people,
a light for the nations,
7 to open the eyes that are blind,
to bring out the prisoners from the dungeon,
from the prison those who sit in darkness.
8 I am YHWH; that is my name;
my glory I give to no other,
nor my praise to carved idols.
9 Behold, the former things have come to pass,
and new things I now declare;
before they spring forth
I tell you of them.”
●Matthew 13:18-35
18 “Hear then the parable of the sower: 19 When anyone hears the word of the kingdom and does not understand it, the evil one comes and snatches away what has been sown in his heart. This is what was sown along the path. 20 As for what was sown on rocky ground, this is the one who hears the word and immediately receives it with joy, 21 yet he has no root in himself, but endures for a while, and when tribulation or persecution arises on account of the word, immediately he falls away. 22 As for what was sown among thorns, this is the one who hears the word, but the cares of the world and the deceitfulness of riches choke the word, and it proves unfruitful. 23 As for what was sown on good soil, this is the one who hears the word and understands it. He indeed bears fruit and yields, in one case a hundredfold, in another sixty, and in another thirty.”
24 He put another parable before them, saying, “The kingdom of heaven may be compared to a man who sowed good seed in his field, 25 but while his men were sleeping, his enemy came and sowed weeds among the wheat and went away. 26 So when the plants came up and bore grain, then the weeds appeared also. 27 And the servants of the master of the house came and said to him, ‘Master, did you not sow good seed in your field? How then does it have weeds?’ 28 He said to them, ‘An enemy has done this.’ So the servants said to him, ‘Then do you want us to go and gather them?’ 29 But he said, ‘No, lest in gathering the weeds you root up the wheat along with them. 30 Let both grow together until the harvest, and at harvest time I will tell the reapers, Gather the weeds first and bind them in bundles to be burned, but gather the wheat into my barn.’”
31 He put another parable before them, saying, “The kingdom of heaven is like a grain of mustard seed that a man took and sowed in his field. 32 It is the smallest of all seeds, but when it has grown it is larger than all the garden plants and becomes a tree, so that the birds of the air come and make nests in its branches.”
33 He told them another parable. “The kingdom of heaven is like leaven that a woman took and hid in three measures of flour, till it was all leavened.”
34 All these things Jesus said to the crowds in parables; indeed, he said nothing to them without a parable. 35 This was to fulfill (g4137. πληρόω plēroō) what was spoken by the prophet:
“I will open my mouth in parables;
I will utter what has been hidden since the foundation of the world.” [Hebrew Matthew has H6965. קוּם qûm: to arise, to stand, to stand up, make stand, establish.]
▸Psalms 78:1-8
A Maskil of Asaph.
1 Give ear, O my people, to my teaching;
incline your ears to the words of my mouth!
2 I will open my mouth in a parable;
I will utter riddles from of old,
3 things that we have heard and known,
that our fathers have told us.
4 We will not hide them from their children,
but tell to the coming generation
the glorious deeds of YHWH, and his might,
and the wonders that he has done.
5 He established a testimony in Ya’akov
and appointed a Torah/teaching in Israel,
which he commanded our fathers
to teach to their children,
6 that the next generation might know them,
the children yet unborn,
and arise and tell them to their children,
7 so that they should set their hope in God
and not forget the works of God,
but keep his commandments;
8 and that they should not be like their fathers,
a stubborn and rebellious generation,
a generation whose heart was not steadfast,
whose spirit was not faithful to God.
●Matthew 4:12-17
12 Now when he heard that Yochanan had been arrested, he withdrew into Galilee. 13 And leaving Nazareth he went and lived in Capernaum by the sea, in the territory of Zebulun and Naphtali, 14 so that what was spoken by the prophet Isaiah might be fulfilled (g4137. πληρόω plēroō):
15 “The land of Zebulun and the land of Naphtali,
the way of the sea, beyond the Yarden, Galilee of the Gentiles—
16 the people dwelling in darkness
have seen a great light,
and for those dwelling in the region and shadow of death,
on them a light has dawned.”
17 From that time Yeshua began to preach, saying, “Repent, for the kingdom of heaven is at hand.” [Hebrew Matthew has H6965. קוּם qûm: to arise, to stand, to stand up, make stand, establish.]
▸ Isaiah 8:20 – 9:7
20 To the teaching and to the testimony! If they will not speak according to this word, it is because they have no dawn. 21 They will pass through the land, greatly distressed and hungry. And when they are hungry, they will be enraged and will speak contemptuously against their king and their God, and turn their faces upward. 22 And they will look to the earth, but behold, distress and darkness, the gloom of anguish. And they will be thrust into thick darkness.
1 But there will be no gloom for her who was in anguish. In the former time he brought into contempt the land of Zebulun and the land of Naphtali, but in the latter time he has made glorious the way of the sea, the land beyond the Yarden, Galilee of the nations.
2 The people who walked in darkness
have seen a great light;
those who dwelt in a land of deep darkness,
on them has light shone.
3 You have multiplied the nation;
you have increased its joy;
they rejoice before you
as with joy at the harvest,
as they are glad when they divide the spoil.
4 For the yoke of his burden,
and the staff for his shoulder,
the rod of his oppressor,
you have broken as on the day of Midian.
5 For every boot of the tramping warrior in battle tumult
and every garment rolled in blood
will be burned as fuel for the fire.
6 For to us a child was born,
to us a son was given;
and the government was upon his shoulder,
and he called his name,
wonderful counselor, mighty God,
everlasting Father, prince of peace.
7 Of the increase of his government and of peace
there will be no end,
on the throne of David and over his kingdom,
to establish it and to uphold it
with justice and with righteousness
from this time forth and forevermore.
The zeal of YHWH of hosts will do this.
●Matthew 13:10-17
10 Then the disciples came and said to him, “Why do you speak to them in parables?” 11 And he answered them, “To you it has been given to know the secrets of the kingdom of heaven, but to them it has not been given. 12 For to the one who has, more will be given, and he will have an abundance, but from the one who has not, even what he has will be taken away. 13 This is why I speak to them in parables, because seeing they do not see, and hearing they do not hear, nor do they understand. 14 Indeed, in their case the prophecy of Isaiah is fulfilled (g0378. ἀναπληρόω anaplēroō) that says:
“‘“You will indeed hear but never understand,
and you will indeed see but never perceive.”
15 For this people’s heart has grown dull,
and with their ears they can barely hear,
and their eyes they have closed,
lest they should see with their eyes
and hear with their ears
and understand with their heart
and turn, and I would heal them.’
16 But blessed are your eyes, for they see, and your ears, for they hear. 17 For truly, I say to you, many prophets and righteous people longed to see what you see, and did not see it, and to hear what you hear, and did not hear it. [Hebrew Matthew has H1584. גָּמַר gāmar: complete, perfect, fail, cease]
▸ Isaiah 6
1 In the year that King Uzziah died I saw the Lord (h0136. אֲדֹנָי ’ăḏônây) sitting upon a throne, high and lifted up; and the train of his robe filled the temple. 2 Above him stood the seraphim. Each had six wings: with two he covered his face, and with two he covered his feet, and with two he flew. 3 And one called to another and said:
“Holy, holy, holy is YHWH of hosts;
the whole earth is full of his glory!”
4 And the foundations of the thresholds shook at the voice of him who called, and the house was filled with smoke. 5 And I said: “Woe is me! For I am lost; for I am a man of unclean lips, and I dwell in the midst of a people of unclean lips; for my eyes have seen the King, YHWH of hosts!”
6 Then one of the seraphim flew to me, having in his hand a burning coal that he had taken with tongs from the altar. 7 And he touched my mouth and said: “Behold, this has touched your lips; your guilt is taken away, and your sin atoned for.”
8 And I heard the voice of the Lord (h0136. אֲדֹנָי ’ăḏônây) saying, “Whom shall I send, and who will go for us?” Then I said, “Here I am! Send me.” 9 And he said, “Go, and say to this people:
“‘Keep on hearing, but do not understand;
keep on seeing, but do not perceive.’
10 Make the heart of this people dull,
and their ears heavy,
and blind their eyes;
lest they see with their eyes,
and hear with their ears,
and understand with their hearts,
and turn and be healed.”
11 Then I said, “How long, O Lord (h0136. אֲדֹנָי ’ăḏônây)?”
And he said:
“Until cities lie waste
without inhabitant,
and houses without people,
and the land is a desolate waste,
12 and YHWH removes people far away,
and the forsaken places are many in the midst of the land.
13 And though a tenth remain in it,
it will be burned again,
like a terebinth or an oak,
whose stump remains
when it is felled.”
The holy seed is its stump.
●Matthew 26:47-56
47 While he was still speaking, Judas/Yehuda came, one of the twelve, and with him a great crowd with swords and clubs, from the chief priests and the elders of the people. 48 Now the betrayer had given them a sign, saying, “The one I will kiss is the man; seize him.” 49 And he came up to Yeshua at once and said, “Greetings, Rabbi!” And he kissed him. 50 Yeshua said to him, “Friend, do what you came to do.” Then they came up and laid hands on Yeshua and seized him. 51 And behold, one of those who were with Yeshua stretched out his hand and drew his sword and struck the servant of the high priest and cut off his ear. 52 Then Yeshua said to him, “Put your sword back into its place. For all who take the sword will perish by the sword. 53 Do you think that I cannot appeal to my Father, and he will at once send me more than twelve legions of angels? 54 But how then should the Scriptures be fulfilled, that it must be so?” 55 At that hour Yeshua said to the crowds, “Have you come out as against a robber, with swords and clubs to capture me? Day after day I sat in the temple teaching, and you did not seize me. 56 But all this has taken place that the Scriptures of the prophets might be fulfilled (g4137. πληρόω plēroō).” Then all the disciples left him and fled. [Hebrew Matthew has (CWSBD) H4390. מָלֵא mālē’: A verb meaning to fill, to be full, to be complete, to fulfill, to finish, to satisfy.]
No direct reference – see some possibilities:
▸ Psalm 22
To the choirmaster: according to The Doe of the Dawn. A Psalm of David.
1 My God, my God, why have you forsaken me?
Why are you so far from saving me, from the words of my groaning?
2 O my God, I cry by day, but you do not answer,
and by night, but I find no rest.
3 Yet you are holy,
enthroned on the praises of Israel.
4 In you our fathers trusted;
they trusted, and you delivered them.
5 To you they cried and were rescued;
in you they trusted and were not put to shame.
6 But I am a worm and not a man,
scorned by mankind and despised by the people.
7 All who see me mock me;
they make mouths at me; they wag their heads;
8 “He trusts in YHWH; let him deliver him;
let him rescue him, for he delights in him!”
9 Yet you are he who took me from the womb;
you made me trust you at my mother’s breasts.
10 On you was I cast from my birth,
and from my mother’s womb you have been my God.
11 Be not far from me,
for trouble is near,
and there is none to help.
12 Many bulls encompass me;
strong bulls of Bashan surround me;
13 they open wide their mouths at me,
like a ravening and roaring lion.
14 I am poured out like water,
and all my bones are out of joint;
my heart is like wax;
it is melted within my breast;
15 my strength is dried up like a potsherd,
and my tongue sticks to my jaws;
you lay me in the dust of death.
16 For dogs encompass me;
a company of evildoers encircles me;
they have pierced my hands and feet—
17 I can count all my bones—
they stare and gloat over me;
18 they divide my garments among them,
and for my clothing they cast lots.
19 But you, O YHWH, do not be far off!
O you my help, come quickly to my aid!
20 Deliver my soul from the sword,
my precious life from the power of the dog!
21 Save me from the mouth of the lion!
You have rescued me from the horns of the wild oxen!
22 I will tell of your name to my brothers;
in the midst of the congregation I will praise you:
23 You who fear YHWH, praise him!
All you offspring of Ya’akov, glorify him,
and stand in awe of him, all you offspring of Israel!
24 For he has not despised or abhorred
the affliction of the afflicted,
and he has not hidden his face from him,
but has heard, when he cried to him.
25 From you comes my praise in the great congregation;
my vows I will perform before those who fear him.
26 The afflicted shall eat and be satisfied;
those who seek him shall praise YHWH!
May your hearts live forever!
27 All the ends of the earth shall remember
and turn to YHWH,
and all the families of the nations
shall worship before you.
28 For kingship belongs to YHWH,
and he rules over the nations.
29 All the prosperous of the earth eat and worship;
before him shall bow all who go down to the dust,
even the one who could not keep himself alive.
30 Posterity shall serve him;
it shall be told of the Lord (h0136. אֲדֹנָי ’ăḏônây) to the coming generation;
31 they shall come and proclaim his righteousness to a people yet unborn,
that he has done it.
▸ Psalm 88
A Song. A Psalm of the Sons of Korah. To the choirmaster: according to Mahalath Leannoth. A Maskil of Heman the Ezrahite.
1 O YHWH, God of my salvation;
I cry out day and night before you.
2 Let my prayer come before you;
incline your ear to my cry!
3 For my soul is full of troubles,
and my life draws near to Sheol.
4 I am counted among those who go down to the pit;
I am a man who has no strength,
5 like one set loose among the dead,
like the slain that lie in the grave,
like those whom you remember no more,
for they are cut off from your hand.
6 You have put me in the depths of the pit,
in the regions dark and deep.
7 Your wrath lies heavy upon me,
and you overwhelm me with all your waves. Selah
8 You have caused my companions to shun me;
you have made me a horror to them.
I am shut in so that I cannot escape;
9 my eye grows dim through sorrow.
Every day I call upon you, YHWH;
I spread out my hands to you.
10 Do you work wonders for the dead?
Do the departed rise up to praise you? Selah
11 Is your steadfast love declared in the grave,
or your faithfulness in Abaddon?
12 Are your wonders known in the darkness,
or your righteousness in the land of forgetfulness?
13 But I, O YHWH, cry to you;
in the morning my prayer comes before you.
14 YHWH, why do you cast my soul away?
Why do you hide your face from me?
15 Afflicted and close to death from my youth up,
I suffer your terrors; I am helpless.
16 Your wrath has swept over me;
your dreadful assaults destroy me.
17 They surround me like a flood all day long;
they close in on me together.
18 You have caused my beloved and my friend to shun me;
my companions have become darkness.
▸ Psalm 89:19-52 (ESV) 19 Of old you spoke in a vision to your godly one, and said:
“I have granted help to one who is mighty;
I have exalted one chosen from the people.
20 I have found David, my servant;
with my holy oil I have anointed him,
21 so that my hand shall be established with him;
my arm also shall strengthen him.
22 The enemy shall not outwit him;
the wicked shall not humble him.
23 I will crush his foes before him
and strike down those who hate him.
24 My faithfulness and my steadfast love shall be with him,
and in my name shall his horn be exalted.
25 I will set his hand on the sea
and his right hand on the rivers.
26 He shall cry to me, ‘You are my Father,
my God, and the Rock of my salvation.’
27 And I will make him the firstborn,
the highest of the kings of the earth.
28 My steadfast love I will keep for him forever,
and my covenant will stand firm for him.
29 I will establish his offspring forever
and his throne as the days of the heavens.
30 If his children forsake my Torah
and do not walk according to my rules,
31 if they violate my statutes
and do not keep my commandments,
32 then I will punish their transgression with the rod
and their iniquity with stripes,
33 but I will not remove from him my steadfast love
or be false to my faithfulness.
34 I will not violate my covenant
or alter the word that went forth from my lips.
35 Once for all I have sworn by my holiness;
I will not lie to David.
36 His offspring shall endure forever,
his throne as long as the sun before me.
37 Like the moon it shall be established forever,
a faithful witness in the skies.” Selah
38 But now you have cast off and rejected;
you are full of wrath against your anointed.
39 You have renounced the covenant with your servant;
you have defiled his crown in the dust.
40 You have breached all his walls;
you have laid his strongholds in ruins.
41 All who pass by plunder him;
he has become the scorn of his neighbors.
42 You have exalted the right hand of his foes;
you have made all his enemies rejoice.
43 You have also turned back the edge of his sword,
and you have not made him stand in battle.
44 You have made his splendor to cease
and cast his throne to the ground.
45 You have cut short the days of his youth;
you have covered him with shame. Selah
46 How long, YHWH? Will you hide yourself forever?
How long will your wrath burn like fire?
47 Remember how short my time is!
For what vanity you have created all the children of man!
48 What man can live and never see death?
Who can deliver his soul from the power of Sheol? Selah
49 Lord (h0136. אֲדֹנָי ’ăḏônây), where is your steadfast love of old,
which by your faithfulness you swore to David?
50 Remember, O Lord (h0136. אֲדֹנָי ’ăḏônây), how your servants are mocked,
and how I bear in my heart the insults of all the many nations,
51 with which your enemies mock, YHWH
with which they mock the footsteps of your anointed.
52 Blessed be YHWH forever!
Amen and Amen.
▸There are others, like Isaiah 53…
●Matthew 21:1-11
1 Now when they drew near to Yerushalayim and came to Bethphage, to the Mount of Olives, then Yeshua sent two disciples, 2 saying to them, “Go into the village in front of you, and immediately you will find a donkey tied, and a colt with her. Untie them and bring them to me. 3 If anyone says anything to you, you shall say, ‘The Lord needs them,’ and he will send them at once.” 4 This took place to fulfill (g4137. πληρόω plēroō) what was spoken by the prophet, saying,
5 “Say to the daughter of Zion,
‘Behold, your king is coming to you,
humble, and mounted on a donkey,
on a colt, the foal of a beast of burden.’”
6 The disciples went and did as Yeshua had directed them. 7 They brought the donkey and the colt and put on them their cloaks, and he sat on them. 8 Most of the crowd spread their cloaks on the road, and others cut branches from the trees and spread them on the road. 9 And the crowds that went before him and that followed him were shouting, “Hosanna to the Son of David! Blessed is he who comes in the name of the Lord! Hosanna in the highest!” 10 And when he entered Yerushalayim, the whole city was stirred up, saying, “Who is this?” 11 And the crowds said, “This is the prophet Yeshua, from Nazareth of Galilee.” [Hebrew Matthew has H6965. קוּם qûm: to arise, to stand, to stand up, make stand, establish.]
▸Zechariah 9
1 The oracle of the word of YHWH is against the land of Hadrach
and Damascus is its resting place.
For YHWH has an eye on mankind
and on all the tribes of Israel,
2 and on Hamath also, which borders on it,
Tyre and Sidon, though they are very wise.
3 Tyre has built herself a rampart
and heaped up silver like dust,
and fine gold like the mud of the streets.
4 But behold, the Lord (h0136. אֲדֹנָי ’ăḏônây) will strip her of her possessions
and strike down her power on the sea,
and she shall be devoured by fire.
5 Ashkelon shall see it, and be afraid;
Gaza too, and shall writhe in anguish;
Ekron also, because its hopes are confounded.
The king shall perish from Gaza;
Ashkelon shall be uninhabited;
6 a mixed people shall dwell in Ashdod,
and I will cut off the pride of Philistia.
7 I will take away its blood from its mouth,
and its abominations from between its teeth;
it too shall be a remnant for our God;
it shall be like a clan in Yehudah,
and Ekron shall be like the Jebusites/Yebusiy.
8 Then I will encamp at my house as a guard,
so that none shall march to and fro;
no oppressor shall again march over them,
for now I see with my own eyes.
9 Rejoice greatly, O daughter of Zion!
Shout aloud, O daughter of Yerushalayim!
Behold, your king is coming to you;
righteous and having salvation is he,
humble and mounted on a donkey,
on a colt, the foal of a donkey.
10 I will cut off the chariot from Ephraim
and the war horse from Yerushalayim;
and the battle bow shall be cut off,
and he shall speak peace to the nations;
his rule shall be from sea to sea,
and from the River to the ends of the earth.
11 As for you also, because of the blood of my covenant with you,
I will set your prisoners free from the waterless pit.
12 Return to your stronghold, O prisoners of hope;
today I declare that I will restore to you double.
13 For I have bent Yehudah as my bow;
I have made Ephraim its arrow.
I will stir up your sons, O Zion,
against your sons, O Greece,
and wield you like a warrior’s sword.
14 Then YHWH will appear over them,
and his arrow will go forth like lightning;
YHWH God will sound the trumpet
and will march forth in the whirlwinds of the south.
15 Yahovah of hosts will protect them,
and they shall devour, and tread down the sling stones,
and they shall drink and roar as if drunk with wine,
and be full like a bowl,
drenched like the corners of the altar.
16 On that day YHWH their God will save them,
as the flock of his people;
for like the jewels of a crown
they shall shine on his land.
17 For how great is his goodness, and how great his beauty!
Grain shall make the young men flourish,
and new wine the young women.
also referenced
▸Isaiah 62:1-9
Zion’s Coming Salvation
1 For Zion’s sake I will not keep silent,
and for Yerushalayim’s sake I will not be quiet,
until her righteousness goes forth as brightness,
and her salvation as a burning torch.
2 The nations shall see your righteousness,
and all the kings your glory,
and you shall be called by a new name
that the mouth of YHWH will give.
3 You shall be a crown of beauty in the hand of YHWH,
and a royal diadem in the hand of your God.
4 You shall no more be termed Forsaken,
and your land shall no more be termed Desolate,
but you shall be called My Delight Is in Her,
and your land Married;
for YHWH delights in you,
and your land shall be married.
5 For as a young man marries a young woman,
so shall your sons marry you,
and as the bridegroom rejoices over the bride,
so shall your God rejoice over you.
6 On your walls, O Yerushalayim,
I have set watchmen;
all the day and all the night
they shall never be silent.
You who put YHWH in remembrance,
take no rest,
7 and give him no rest
until he establishes Yerushalayim
and makes it a praise in the earth.
8 YHWH has sworn by his right hand
and by his mighty arm:
“I will not again give your grain
to be food for your enemies,
and foreigners shall not drink your wine
for which you have labored;
9 but those who garner it shall eat it
and praise YHWH,
and those who gather it shall drink it
in the courts of my sanctuary.”
●Matthew 27:1-10
1 When morning came, all the chief priests and the elders of the people took counsel against Jesus to put him to death. 2 And they bound him and led him away and delivered him over to Pilate the governor.
3 Then when Judas, his betrayer, saw that Jesus was condemned, he changed his mind and brought back the thirty pieces of silver to the chief priests and the elders, 4 saying, “I have sinned by betraying innocent blood.” They said, “What is that to us? See to it yourself.” 5 And throwing down the pieces of silver into the temple, he departed, and he went and hanged himself. 6 But the chief priests, taking the pieces of silver, said, “It is not lawful to put them into the treasury, since it is blood money.” 7 So they took counsel and bought with them the potter’s field as a burial place for strangers. 8 Therefore that field has been called the Field of Blood to this day. 9 Then was fulfilled (g4137. πληρόω plēroō) what had been spoken by the prophet Jeremiah, saying, “And they took the thirty pieces of silver, the price of him on whom a price had been set by some of the sons of Israel, 10 and they gave them for the potter’s field, as YHWH directed me.” [Hebrew Matthew has(CWSBD) H7999. שָׁלַם šālam: to be safe, to be completed.]
▸Zechariah 11:4 – 12:6
4 Thus said YHWH my God: “Become shepherd of the flock doomed to slaughter. 5 Those who buy them slaughter them and go unpunished, and those who sell them say, ‘Blessed be YHWH, I have become rich,’ and their own shepherds have no pity on them. 6 For I will no longer have pity on the inhabitants of this land, declares YHWH. Behold, I will cause each of them to fall into the hand of his neighbor, and each into the hand of his king, and they shall crush the land, and I will deliver none from their hand.”
7 So I became the shepherd of the flock doomed to be slaughtered by the sheep traders. And I took two staffs, one I named Favor, the other I named Union. And I tended the sheep. 8 In one month I destroyed the three shepherds. But I became impatient with them, and they also detested me. 9 So I said, “I will not be your shepherd. What is to die, let it die. What is to be destroyed, let it be destroyed. And let those who are left devour the flesh of one another.” 10 And I took my staff Favor, and I broke it, annulling the covenant that I had made with all the peoples. 11 So it was annulled on that day, and the sheep traders, who were watching me, knew that it was the word of YHWH. 12 Then I said to them, “If it seems good to you, give me my wages; but if not, keep them.” And they weighed out as my wages thirty pieces of silver. 13 Then YHWH said to me, “Throw it to the potter”—the lordly price at which I was priced by them. So I took the thirty pieces of silver and threw them into the house of YHWH, to the potter. 14 Then I broke my second staff Union, annulling the brotherhood between Yehudah and Israel.
15 Then YHWH said to me, “Take once more the equipment of a foolish shepherd. 16 For behold, I am raising up in the land a shepherd who does not care for those being destroyed, or seek the young or heal the maimed or nourish the healthy, but devours the flesh of the fat ones, tearing off even their hoofs.
17 “Woe to my worthless shepherd,
who deserts the flock!
May the sword strike his arm
and his right eye!
Let his arm be wholly withered,
his right eye utterly blinded!”
1 The oracle of the word of YHWH concerning Israel: Thus declares Yahovah, who stretched out the heavens and founded the earth and formed the spirit of man within him: 2 “Behold, I am about to make Yerushalayim a cup of staggering to all the surrounding peoples. The siege of Yerushalayim will also be against Yehudah. 3 On that day I will make Yerushalayim a heavy stone for all the peoples. All who lift it will surely hurt themselves. And all the nations of the earth will gather against it. 4 On that day, declares YHWH, I will strike every horse with panic, and its rider with madness. But for the sake of the house of Yehudah I will keep my eyes open, when I strike every horse of the peoples with blindness. 5 Then the clans of Yehudah shall say to themselves, ‘The inhabitants of Yerushalayim have strength through Yahovah of hosts, their God.’
6 “On that day I will make the clans of Yehudah like a blazing pot in the midst of wood, like a flaming torch among sheaves. And they shall devour to the right and to the left all the surrounding peoples, while Jerusalem shall again be inhabited in its place, in Yerushalayim.
May possibly also be a reference to the following, due to the mention of the Potter’s Field:
▸ Jeremiah 18:1-17
The Potter and the Clay
1 The word that came to Yermiyahu from YHWH: 2 “Arise, and go down to the potter’s house, and there I will let you hear my words.” 3 So I went down to the potter’s house, and there he was working at his wheel. 4 And the vessel he was making of clay was spoiled in the potter’s hand, and he reworked it into another vessel, as it seemed good to the potter to do.
5 Then the word of YHWH came to me: 6 “O house of Israel, can I not do with you as this potter has done? declares YHWH. Behold, like the clay in the potter’s hand, so are you in my hand, O house of Israel. 7 If at any time I declare concerning a nation or a kingdom, that I will pluck up and break down and destroy it, 8 and if that nation, concerning which I have spoken, turns from its evil, I will relent of the disaster that I intended to do to it. 9 And if at any time I declare concerning a nation or a kingdom that I will build and plant it, 10 and if it does evil in my sight, not listening to my voice, then I will relent of the good that I had intended to do to it. 11 Now, therefore, say to the men of Yehudah and the inhabitants of Yerushalayim: ‘Thus says YHWH, Behold, I am shaping disaster against you and devising a plan against you. Return, every one from his evil way, and amend your ways and your deeds.’
12 “But they say, ‘That is in vain! We will follow our own plans, and will every one act according to the stubbornness of his evil heart.’
13 “Therefore thus says YHWH:
Ask among the nations,
Who has heard the like of this?
The virgin Israel
has done a very horrible thing.
14 Does the snow of Lebanon leave
the crags of Sirion?
Do the mountain waters run dry,
the cold flowing streams?
15 But my people have forgotten me;
they make offerings to false gods;
they made them stumble in their ways,
in the ancient roads,
and to walk into side roads,
not the highway,
16 making their land a horror,
a thing to be hissed at forever.
Everyone who passes by it is horrified
and shakes his head.
17 Like the east wind I will scatter them
before the enemy.
I will show them my back, not my face,
in the day of their calamity.”
●Matthew 2:19-23
19 But when Herod died, behold, an angel of the Lord appeared in a dream to Joseph in Egypt, 20 saying, “Rise, take the child and his mother and go to the land of Israel, for those who sought the child’s life are dead.” 21 And he rose and took the child and his mother and went to the land of Israel. 22 But when he heard that Archelaus was reigning over Judea in place of his father Herod, he was afraid to go there, and being warned in a dream he withdrew to the district of Galilee. 23 And he went and lived in a city called Nazareth, so that what was spoken by the prophets might be fulfilled (g4137. πληρόω plēroō), that he would be called a Nazarene. [Hebrew Matthew has (CWSBD) H6965. קוּם qûm: A verb meaning to arise, to stand, to stand up, make stand, establish.]
▸ This writer has heard many discussions as to what passage this phrase refers to, and has done some extensive research himself. At the present time, it is likely wisest to say there is no direct quotation. There are a number of potential connections. Here are a couple of comments that may be helpful. First, one from the Hebrew Matthew:
י ו בא ו שכרן בעיר הנקראת נאזרית לקיים מה שאמר הנביא נאזרת יקרא.
The Hebrew Gospel of Matthew by George Howard has verse 2:23 as above, with the two words in question in bold. These are based on the root נזר, which means consecrated or set apart, as in taking the Nazirite vow. It is also noted that ז and צ are frequently interchanged for one another. נצר is used in Messianic references, h5342. נֵצֶר nēṣer meaning “branch.” h5342 occurs in Isaiah 11″1, 14:19, 60:21, and in Daniel 77:7.
Another point to be made is that h5139. נָזִיר nâziyr; or נָזִר nazir, which is sometimes translated as Nazirite, and people complain that Yeshua was not an Nazirite (see Matthew 11:19 and Luke 7:34), this word is also translated as “prince, apart, and undressed (as in an undressed vine). There are at least a couple of connections of this word to Yosef. The reader should investigate more.
Much of this discussion was done to try to help sort out the controversy among brothers over the interpretation of the following passage.
●Matthew 5:17-20 (LITV) 17 Do not think that I came to annul the Torah or the Prophets; I did not come to annul, but to fulfill. 18 Truly I say to you, Until the heaven and the earth pass away, in no way shall one iota or one point pass away from the Torah until all comes to pass. 19 Therefore, whoever relaxes one of these commandments, the least, and shall teach men so, he shall be called least in the kingdom of Heaven. But whoever does and teaches them, this one shall be called great in the kingdom of Heaven. 20 For I say to you, If your righteousness shall not exceed that of the scribes and Pharisees, you shall not enter into the kingdom of God, never!
●Hebrew Matthew 5:17 •בעת ההיא אמר יש”ר לתלמידיו אל תחשבו שבאתי להפר תורה אלא להשלים.
Below is this writer’s attempt to translate this verse and clarify meaning, but each reader must read and study and assure himself or herself based upon the work presented here so far.
●Hebrew Matthew 5:17 At that time Yeshua said to his disciples: Do not think (2803. חָשַׁב ḥāšaḇ, חשֵׁב ḥōšēḇ) I came (935. בּוֹא bô’) to break/annul(6565. פָּרַר pārar) Torah (8451. תּוֹרָה tôrāh, תֹּרָה tōrāh), But to restore it (7999. שָׁלַם šālam).
[[TAKE NOTE of the definitions of פָּרַר pārar and שָׁלַם šālam below, in particular how they balance off one another, with the impact upon a covenant: one to break, the other to restore. They must be thought of as a pair.]]
(CWSBD) H6565. פָּרַר pārar: A verb meaning to break, to divide, to frustrate. This word is often used in conjunction with a covenant or agreement. YHWH warned the Israelites what would happen if they broke the covenant with Him (Lev. 26:15); and pledged to them that He would not break it (Lev. 26:44). Asa, king of Yehudah, asked the king of Aram to break a covenant Aram had made with Israel (1 Kgs. 15:19). This word is also used to refer to the frustration of plans, as the enemies of Israel did to the Israelites trying to rebuild the Temple (Ezra 4:5). However, YHWH’s purposes cannot be frustrated (Isa. 14:27).
(CWSBD) H7999. שָׁלַם šālam verb (to restore, to repay, to make restitution; to reward; to make a covenant of peace) H7999. שָׁלַם šālam: A verb meaning to be safe, to be completed. The primary meaning is to be safe or uninjured in mind or body (Job 8:6; 9:4). This word is normally used when God is keeping His people safe. In its simple form, this verb also means to be completed or to be finished. This could refer to something concrete such as a building (1 Kgs. 7:51); or things more abstract, such as plans (Job 23:14). Other meanings of this verb include to be at peace with another person (Ps. 7:4[5]); to make a treaty of peace (Josh. 11:19; Job 5:23); to pay, to give a reward (Ps. 62:12[13]); to restore, repay, or make retribution (Ex. 21:36; Ps. 37:21).
Perhaps the best clarification is in this somewhat lengthy discussion of all the related words, including the verbal root, in the Theological Wordbook of the Old Testament, which is in the references. This word H7999 was not one of the ones listed for “fulfill” in the last Post. If you carefully read the following, you will see that Yeshua’s statement about
“fulfilling” the Torah, using this word H7999. שָׁלַם šālam, precisely matches one of his missions, recompense for sin, sin being defined by missing the mark of Torah (see Romans 5:12-21 – sin was in the world before the Torah was given, but sin is not imputed without Torah). This wording of the Hebrew Gospel of Matthew hopefully helps to clarify the issues that have arisen over many years. And if the reader will think back to the rather extensive discussion regarding the “Synthetic Grasp of Life,” and refer to the underlined discussion below, one will see how this is totally compatible with the earlier thoughts.
(TWOT) 2401 שָׁלֵם (shālēm) be complete, sound.
Derivatives
2401a † שָׁלוֹם (shālôm) peace.
2401b † שֶׁלֶם (shelem) peace offering
2401c שָׁלַם (shālam) be in a covenant of peace. Denominative verb.
2401d שָׁלֵם (shālēm) perfect, whole, full.
2401e שִׁלֵּם (shillēm) recompense (Deut 32:35, only).
2401f שַׁלְמֹן (shalmōn) reward, bribe (Isa 1:23, only).
2401g שִׁלּוּם (shillûm), שִׁלֻּם (shillūm) recompense, reward.
2401h שִׁלֻּמָה (shillūmâ) reward (Ps 91:8, only).
2401i † שְׁלֹמֹה (shelōmōh) Solomon.
The general meaning behind the root sh-l-m is of completion and fulfilment–of entering into a state of wholeness and unity, a restored relationship.
Of this group, some take their meanings from the comparatively infrequent simple stems while the others שִׁלֵּם, שִׁלּוּם, and possibly שַׁלְמֹן reflect the intensive Piel sense. The apparent diversity of meanings between the two stems can be accounted for in terms of the concept of peace being restored through payment (of tribute to a conqueror, Josh 10:1), restitution (to one wronged, Ex 21:36), or simple payment and completion (of a business transaction, 2 Kgs 4:7).
The payment of a vow (Ps 50:14) completes an agreement so that both parties are in a state of שָׁלוֹם . Closely linked with this concept is the eschatological motif in some uses of the term. Recompense for sin, either national or personal, must be given. Once that obligation has been met, wholeness is restored (Isa 60:20; Joel 2:25).
Adjectivally, שָׁלֵם is used of an attitude (a “perfect” heart; e.g. 1 Kgs 8:61; 1 Chr 28:9), and of a complete amount (of money, Ruth 2:12; of sin, Gen 15:16; of a whole nation, Amos 1:6, 9). An accurate weight is called “perfect” (Deut 25:15) or “just” (Prov 11:1).
Interesting is that שָׁלֵם is used of the whole (i.e. uncut) stones for the altar (Deut 27:6; Josh 8:31) and also of the dressed stones used for the temple (1 Kgs 6:7).
שָׁלוֹם. Peace, prosperity, well, health, completenss, safety. ASV and RSV similar.
שָׁלוֹם, and its related words שָׁלֵם, שֶׁלֶם and their derivatives, are among the most important theological words in the OT. שָׁלוֹם occurs over 250 times in 213 separate verses (so Durham, p. 275. BDB lists 237 uses). The KJV translates 172 of these as “peace.” The remainder are translated about 30 different ways, many only a single time each. The LXX uses various members of the σώζω, εἰρήνη, and τέλειος word groups to translate שָׁלוֹם . שָׁלוֹם which occurs in other members of the Semitic language family, was influential in broadening the Greek idea of εἰρήνη to include the Semitic ideas of growth and prosperity.
שָׁלוֹםmeans “absence of strife” in approximately fifty to sixty usages; e.g. 1 Kgs 4:25 [H 5:4] reflects the safety of the nation in the peaceful days of Solomon when the land and its neighbors had been subdued.
“Peace,” in this case, means much more than mere absence of war. Rather, the root meaning of the verb שָׁלֵם better expresses the true concept of שָׁלוֹם, Completeness, wholeness, harmony, fulfilment, are closer to the meaning. Implicit in שָׁלוֹם is the idea of unimpaired relationships with others and fulfilment in one’s undertakings.
About twenty-five times in the OT, שָׁלוֹם is used as a greeting or farewell (Jud 19:20; 1 Sam 25:6, 35). To wish one שָׁלוֹם implies a blessing (2 Sam 15:27); to withhold שָׁלוֹם implies a curse (1 Kgs 2:6). In modern Hebrew שָׁלוֹם is used for “hello” and “goodbye.” Note the cognate Arabic salaam.
שָׁלוֹםis the result of God’s activity in covenant (בְּרִית), and is the result of righteousness (Isa 32:17). In nearly two-thirds of its occurrences, שָׁלוֹם describes the state of fulfilment which is the result of God’s presence. This is specifically indicated in those references to the “covenant of peace” (שָׁלוֹםבְּרִית, Num 25:12; Isa 54:10; Ezek 34:25; Mal 2:5) with his chosen representatives, the Aaronic priests and the Davidic monarchs. The peace that marks the conclusion of an agreement between adversaries (Isaac and Abimelech, Gen 26:29), business partners (Solomon and Hiram, 1 Kgs 5:12 [H 26]), and man and God (Abraham, Gen 15:15) is couched in terms of covenant agreement.
This sort of peace has its source in God. He is the one who will speak שָׁלוֹם to his people (Ps 85:8 [H 9]). His promise to David in 1 Chr 22:9-10 puts שָׁלוֹם in context with מְנוּחָה “calmness,” נוּחַ “rest,” and שֶׁקֶט “to be quiet,” as these are gifts from God. The classic statement of this concept is the Aaronic benediction (Num 6:24-26) which identifies the man to whom God has given שָׁלוֹם as the one who is blessed (בָּרַךְ), guarded (שָׁמַר), and treated graciously (חָנַן), by Yahweh. This is fulfilment through the divine gift.
There is also a strong eschatological element present in the meaning of שָׁלוֹם . Messiah, “David’s greater son,” is specifically identified as the Prince of Peace (שָׁלוֹםשַׂר–the one who brings fulfilment and righteousness to the earth).
Paul (Eph 2:14) links these themes in his identification of Christ as our peace. He is the messianic prince who brings wholeness, but he is also God’s last word–the “concluding sacrifice” that brings redemption to mankind.
Bibliography:
Delling, Gerhard, “τέλος,” in TDNT, VIII, pp. 49-87. Durham, John “שָׁלוֹםand the Presence of God,” Proclamation and Presence: Old Testament Essays in Honor of G. H. Davies, John Knox, 1970, pp. 272-93. Fohrer, Georg, “Σώζω and σωτηρία in the Old Testament,” in TDNT, VII, pp. 970-72. JTOT, pp. 126, 179-80, 259. Kohler, Ludwig, Old Testament Theology, Westminster, 1958, p. 240 n. 21. Rad, Gerhard von, Old Testament Theology, Harper and Row, 1962, 1965, I, p. 130, 372; II, p. 170._____, “שָׁלוֹםin the Old Testament,” in TDNT, II, pp. 402-6. AI, pp. 254f.
שֶׁלֶם. Peace offering, thank offering. ASV and RSV similar, with RSV using “sacrifice” in Prov 7:14.
שֶׁלֶםoccurs nearly ninety times in the OT, all but once (Amos 5:22) in the plural form שְׁלָמִים . Along with many other words in the cultic vocabulary, שֶׁלֶם has its roots in the common ancient Northwest Semitic language group. It occurs in Ugaritic ( ŝlmm, UT 19: no. 2424) and the apparent plural from parallels other loanwords (e.g. אֻרִים, תֻּמִּים, תְּרָפִים).
The ritual for offering a שֶׁלֶם is like that for the עֹלָה(q.v.), except that only the fat around the intestines, the kidneys, the liver, and the fat of the sheep’s tail is burned on the altar (Lev 3). Characteristic of the שֶׁלֶם is the fact that the rest of the victim was shared by the priest and the worshiper who offered the sacrifice. The priests received as their part the breast and the right leg (“sample,” תְּרוּמָה, תְּנוּפָה . See Driver, JSS 2:100 for a discussion of these terms usually translated “wave-offering” or “heave-offering,” Lev 7:28-34; 10:14-15). The remainder was to be shared by the worshiper, his family, and guests. Whatever remained after three days was to be burned.
According to the prescriptions in Lev 7:12-17 and 22:18-30, there were שְׁלָמִים of praise (תּוֹדָה) which was a free gift (מִנְחָה, q.v.) accompanied by leavened and unleavened cakes offered in thanksgiving; שְׁלָמִים of free inclination (נְדָבָה) offered freely out of devotion; and שְׁלָמִים of special vows (נָדַר) offered in fulfilment of a previous promise. The distinctions among these three categories are not always precise.
Current understanding of the meaning of שֶׁלֶם follows three main lines of thought. First, שֶׁלֶם symbolizes the gift of שָׁלוֹם, i.e. the blessing of wholeness, prosperity, and the status of being at peace with God. This involves more than forgiveness of sin, in that fullness of life, prosperity, and peace with men is the expected result of שָׁלוֹם status.
A second alternative is identified by de Vaux as “communion sacrifice,” i.e. one in which there is a sharing of the sacrificial animal and the resultant fellowship around a meal. The שְׁלָמִים, then, were social occasions “before” the Lord (never “with” the Lord; cf. Deut 12:7, 18; 14:23, 26; 15:20). There is no sense of attaining mystical union with God through these sacrifices. Rather there is a sense of joyful sharing because of God’s presence. Note too, that a quarter of the animal is shared with the priest (Lev 7:32).
Thirdly, the fact that the שֶׁלֶם usually comes last in the lists of the offerings (though not in the description of Lev 1-5), has prompted some scholars to argue that this is a “concluding sacrifice.” This derives שֶׁלֶם from the rare Piel meaning “to complete.” If this sense is correct, the NT references to Christ our Peace (e.g. Eph 2:14) become more meaningful, as he is the final sacrifice for us (cf. Heb 9:27; 10:12).
Bibliography:
Fohrer, Georg, “sōtērios,” in TDNT, VII, pp. 1021-23. Gerleman, Gilles, “Die Wurzel ŝlm,” ZAW 85:1-14. JTOT, pp. 126, 179-80, 258-59. Kohler, Ludwig, Old Testament Theology, Westminster, 1958, pp. 188-89, 250, n. 149.
שְׁלֹמֹה. Solomon (the man of peace). Second son of David and Bathsheba, third king of the united kingdom.
The last years of David’s life were marred by political strife caused by his sons as they strove for the throne. Under the influence of Nathan the prophet and Bathsheba (1 Kgs 1:11ff.), David acknowledged Solomon as his successor.
Solomon’s reign is significant, for it marks the first of the dynastic rulers of Judah. Solomon is noted for his wisdom and his contributions to the OT scriptures.
His insight into the strategic value of his territory and his monopolistic control of the ancient near eastern trade routes plus his important copper mining from south of the Dead Sea and all his metal working, provided him with great wealth that enabled him to sustain a large standing army and to construct and maintain the fortified cities (e.g. Megiddo, Hazor, Eglon, Gezer), that guaranteed his independence. The institution of corvee (מַס) and its imposition on Israelites was extremely unpopular, and when his son Rehoboam tried to continue this policy, he forced the division of the kingdom.
Solomon’s prize jewel was the Jerusalem temple which was built under his direction. He appears as the precursor of the great messianic king (2 Sam 7:12-16).
Bibliography:
Bright, John, A History of Israel, 2nd ed. Westminster, 1972, pp. 206-24. Hubbard, David A., “Solomon,” in NBD, pp. 1201-4.
G.I.C.
The writer has very important connections to share with the reader about the Sermon on the Mount and the Torah Portion Mishpatim, Exodus 21:1-24:18, which will tie to this word h7999. שָׁלַם šâlam. In that Torah portion, much of which is about interrelationships between man and God and man and neighbor, between Exodus 21:34 and 22:15, h7999. שָׁלַם šâlam is one of the most important words, found 14 times, there being translated as “restoration, restore, repay.” In light of the connections between the Sermon on the Mount and Mishpatim and this finding of the keyword h7999. שָׁלַם šâlam in the Hebrew Matthew introduction to that section of the Sermon on the Mount where Yeshua appears to be carefully explaining some of the nuances of the instructions regarding relationships among neighbors, it would be a reasonable interpretation (let the reader decide) that Yeshua in Mat. 5:17 is saying that he came to “restore” Torah, which totally fits the frequent complaint that he has against many of the leaders of the time that they were putting more weight on the doctrines of men than on God’s Torah. More on this in a later post.
We will proceed with more examples of fulfill, but the most pressing issue was to cover this controversy. In the next Post, there will be more in the way of Greek usage of fulfill, and as noted in the last post, we will get to some definitions of the various Greek words used, both in what we are calling the GS, and in the Septuagint.
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